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      HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: DIAGNOSIS AND OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT Translated title: CARCINOMA HEPATOCELULAR: DIAGNÓSTICO E MANEJO CIRÚRGICO

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          ABSTRACT

          Introduction:

          Hepatocellular carcinoma is an aggressive malignant tumor with high lethality.

          Aim:

          To review diagnosis and management of hepatocellular carcinoma.

          Methods:

          Literature review using web databases Medline/PubMed.

          Results:

          Hepatocellular carcinoma is a common complication of hepatic cirrhosis. Chronic viral hepatitis B and C also constitute as risk factors for its development. In patients with cirrhosis, hepatocelular carcinoma usually rises upon malignant transformation of a dysplastic regenerative nodule. Differential diagnosis with other liver tumors is obtained through computed tomography scan with intravenous contrast. Magnetic resonance may be helpful in some instances. The only potentially curative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma is tumor resection, which may be performed through partial liver resection or liver transplantation. Only 15% of all hepatocellular carcinomas are amenable to operative treatment. Patients with Child C liver cirrhosis are not amenable to partial liver resections. The only curative treatment for hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with Child C cirrhosis is liver transplantation. In most countries, only patients with hepatocellular carcinoma under Milan Criteria are considered candidates to a liver transplant.

          Conclusion:

          Hepatocellular carcinoma is potentially curable if discovered in its initial stages. Medical staff should be familiar with strategies for early diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma as a way to decrease mortality associated with this malignant neoplasm.

          RESUMO

          Introdução:

          O carcinoma hepatocelular é neoplasia maligna agressiva com elevada morbidade e mortalidade.

          Objetivo:

          Revisão sobre a fisiopatologia, o diagnóstico e o manejo do carcinoma hepatocelular nos vários estágios da doença.

          Método:

          Revisão da literatura utilizando a base Medline/PubMed e literatura adicional.

          Resultados:

          O carcinoma hepatocelular é geralmente complicação da cirrose hepática. As hepatites virais crônicas B e C também são fatores de risco para o surgimento do carcinoma hepatocelular. Quando associado à cirrose hepática, ele geralmente surge a partir da evolução de um nódulo regenerativo hepatocitário que sofre degeneração maligna. O diagnóstico é efetuado através de tomografia computadorizada de abdome com contraste endovenoso, e a ressonância magnética pode auxiliar nos casos que não possam ser definidos pela tomografia. O único tratamento potencialmente curativo para o carcinoma hepatocelular é a ressecção do tumor, seja ela realizada através de hepatectomia parcial ou de transplante. Infelizmente, apenas cerca de 15% dos carcinomas hepatocelulares são passíveis de tratamento cirúrgico. Pacientes portadores de cirrose hepática estágio Child B e C não devem ser submetidos à ressecção hepática parcial. Para esses pacientes, as opções terapêuticas curativas restringem-se ao transplante de fígado, desde que selecionáveis para esse procedimento, o que na maioria dos países dá-se através dos Critérios de Milão.

          Conclusão:

          Quando diagnosticado em seus estágios iniciais, o carcinoma hepatocelular é potencialmente curável. O melhor conhecimento das estratégias de diagnóstico e tratamento propiciam sua identificação precoce e a indicação de tratamento apropriado.

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          Most cited references28

          • Record: found
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          Adjuvant sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma after resection or ablation (STORM): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

          There is no standard of care for adjuvant therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. This trial was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of sorafenib versus placebo as adjuvant therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after surgical resection or local ablation.
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            • Record: found
            • Abstract: not found
            • Article: not found

            Strategies for safer liver surgery and partial liver transplantation.

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              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Accuracy of ultrasonography, spiral CT, magnetic resonance, and alpha-fetoprotein in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review.

              In patients with chronic liver disease, the accuracy of ultrasound scan (US), spiral computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has never been systematically assessed, and present systematic review was aimed at this issue. Pertinent cross-sectional studies having as a reference standard pathological examinations of the explanted liver or resected segment(s), biopsies of focal lesion(s), and/or a period of follow-up, were identified using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and CancerLit. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios (LR) were calculated using the random effect model. Summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve and predefined subgroup analyses were made when indicated. The pooled estimates of the 14 US studies were 60% (95% CI 44-76) for sensitivity, 97% (95% CI 95-98) for specificity, 18 (95% CI 8-37) for LR+, and 0.5 (95% CI 0.4-0.6) for LR-; for the 10 CT studies sensitivity was 68% (95% CI 55-80), specificity 93% (95% CI 89-96), LR+ 6 (95% CI 3-12),and LR- 0.4 (95% CI 0.3-0.6); for the nine MRI studies sensitivity was 81% (95% CI 70-91), specificity 85% (95%CI 77-93), LR+ 3.9 (95%CI 2-7), and LR- 0.3 (95% CI 0.2-0.5). The sensitivity and specificity of AFP varied widely, and this could not be entirely attributed to the threshold effect of the different cutoff levels used. US is highly specific but insufficiently sensitive to detect HCC in many cirrhotics or to support an effective surveillance program. The operative characteristics of CT are comparable, whereas MRI is more sensitive. High-quality prospective studies are needed to define the actual diagnostic role of AFP.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Arq Bras Cir Dig
                Arq Bras Cir Dig
                abcd
                Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva : ABCD
                Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgia Digestiva
                0102-6720
                2317-6326
                Oct-Dec 2017
                Oct-Dec 2017
                : 30
                : 4
                : 272-278
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Postgraduate Program in Surgical Sciences;
                [2 ]Unit of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery;
                [3 ]Interventional Radiology Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Dr. Marcio F. Chedid E-mail: marciochedid@ 123456hotmail.com

                Conflict of interest: none

                Article
                10.1590/0102-6720201700040011
                5793147
                29340553
                506ccdec-949e-4c78-b5a6-86e3d6756185

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 11 April 2017
                : 16 August 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 8, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Review Article

                hepatocellular carcinoma,diagnosis,liver resection,liver transplantation,carcinoma hepatocelular,diagnóstico,ressecção hepatica,transplante hepático

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