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      Assessment of Polysaccharides from Mycelia of genus Ganoderma by Mid-Infrared and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

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          Abstract

          Ganoderma lingzhi ( G. lingzhi), G. sinense, G. applanatum, etc. belongs to the Ganoderma genus of polypore mushrooms which contain rich polysaccharides valuable for nutrition and positive medicinal effects. In order to evaluate polysaccharide content in Ganoderma mycelia obtained in the fermentation process quickly and accurately, in this work we employed infrared spectroscopy to examine different Ganoderma stains of samples from diversified sources. Through mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectroscopy, we could identify the most relevant spectral bands required for polysaccharide evaluation, and through near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, we could establish the quantification model for making satisfactory prediction of polysaccharide ingredient content. As such, we have achieved an effective and convenient approach to quantitative assessment of the total polysaccharides in Ganoderma mycelia but also demonstrated that infrared spectroscopy can be a powerful tool for quality control of Ganoderma polysaccharides obtained from industrial production.

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          Ganoderma - a therapeutic fungal biofactory.

          Jacqueline C M Paterson (2006)
          Ganoderma is a basidiomycete white rot fungus which has been used for medicinal purposes for centuries particularly in China, Japan and Korea. A great deal of work has been carried out on Ganoderma lucidum. The common names for preparations include Lingzhi, Munnertake, Sachitake, Reishi and Youngzhi. This review collates the publications detailing activities and compounds by representative species whilst considering the most valid claims of effectiveness. The biological activities reported of preparations from Ganoderma are remarkable and given most emphasis herein as distinct from structure/activity information. The metabolites consist of mainly polysaccharides and terpenoids. Many are activities against the major diseases of our time and so the present review is of great importance. The list of effects is huge ranging from anti-cancer to relieving blockages of the bladder. However, the reports have not all been tested scientifically with the convincing evidence is reserved for assays of pure compounds. It is a prime example of an ancient remedy being of great relevance to the modern era. There does appear to be an assumption that the therapeutic effects attributed to the fungus have been proven. The next step is to produce some effective medicines which may be hampered by problems of mass production.
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            Antioxidative and immunomodulating activities of polysaccharide extracts of the medicinal mushrooms Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus brasiliensis, Ganoderma lucidum and Phellinus linteus

            Maja Kozarski, Anita S. Klaus, Miomir Nikšić … (2011)
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              A review on the applications of portable near-infrared spectrometers in the agro-food industry.

              João A. Lopes, Cláudia dos Santos, Miguel Lopo … (2013)
              Industry has created the need for a cost-effective and nondestructive quality-control analysis system. This requirement has increased interest in near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, leading to the development and marketing of handheld devices that enable new applications that can be implemented in situ. Portable NIR spectrometers are powerful instruments offering several advantages for nondestructive, online, or in situ analysis: small size, low cost, robustness, simplicity of analysis, sample user interface, portability, and ergonomic design. Several studies of on-site NIR applications are presented: characterization of internal and external parameters of fruits and vegetables; conservation state and fat content of meat and fish; distinguishing among and quality evaluation of beverages and dairy products; protein content of cereals; evaluation of grape ripeness in vineyards; and soil analysis. Chemometrics is an essential part of NIR spectroscopy manipulation because wavelength-dependent scattering effects, instrumental noise, ambient effects, and other sources of variability may complicate the spectra. As a consequence, it is difficult to assign specific absorption bands to specific functional groups. To achieve useful and meaningful results, multivariate statistical techniques (essentially involving regression techniques coupled with spectral preprocessing) are therefore required to extract the information hidden in the spectra. This work reviews the evolution of the use of portable near-infrared spectrometers in the agro-food industry.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Qing Huang:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8884-2063
                huangq@ipp.ac.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 January 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 8 January 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 10
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1792 7603, GRID grid.454811.d, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, , Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Hefei, 230031 China
                [2 ]ISNI 0000000121679639, GRID grid.59053.3a, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL), , School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), ; Hefei, 230026 China
                [3 ]GRID grid.443368.e, College of Life Science, , Anhui Science and Technology University, ; Fengyang, 233100 China
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9938 1755, GRID grid.411615.6, School of Computer and Information Engineering, , Beijing Technology and Business University, ; Beijing, 100048 China
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0404 0958, GRID grid.463419.d, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, , Agricultural Research Service, USDA, ; Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8884-2063
                Article
                Publisher ID: 18422
                DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18422-7
                PMC ID: 5758644
                PubMed ID: 29311571
                SO-VID: 50865b93-ae76-4d2b-a3b0-0af6fdc1ce96
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2017
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 12 June 2017
                Date accepted : 12 December 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Article
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                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2018

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