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      The color of health: how racism, segregation, and inequality affect the health and well-being of preterm infants and their families

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          Abstract

          Racism, segregation, and inequality contribute to health outcomes and drive health disparities across the life course, including for newborn infants and their families. In this review, we address their effects on the health and well-being of newborn infants and their families with a focus on preterm birth. We discuss three causal pathways: increased risk; lower-quality care; and socioeconomic disadvantages that persist into infancy, childhood, and beyond. For each pathway, we propose specific interventions and research priorities that may remedy the adverse effects of racism, segregation, and inequality. Infants and their families will not realize the full benefit of advances in perinatal and neonatal care until we, collectively, accept our responsibility for addressing the range of determinants that shape long-term outcomes.

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          Socioeconomic disparities in adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review.

          Philip Blumenshine, Susan Egerter, Colleen J Barclay … (2010)
          Adverse birth outcomes, such as preterm birth and low birth weight, have serious health consequences across the life course. Socioeconomic disparities in birth outcomes have not been the subject of a recent systematic review. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on the association of socioeconomic disadvantage with adverse birth outcomes, with specific attention to the strength and consistency of effects across socioeconomic measures, birth outcomes, and populations. Relevant articles published from 1999 to 2007 were obtained through electronic database searches and manual searches of reference lists. English-language studies from industrialized countries were included if (1) study objectives included examination of a socioeconomic disparity in a birth outcome and (2) results were presented on the association between a socioeconomic predictor and a birth outcome related to birth weight, gestational age, or intrauterine growth. Two reviewers extracted data and independently rated study quality; data were analyzed in 2008-2009. Ninety-three of 106 studies reported a significant association, overall or within a population subgroup, between a socioeconomic measure and a birth outcome. Socioeconomic disadvantage was consistently associated with increased risk across socioeconomic measures, birth outcomes, and countries; many studies observed racial/ethnic differences in the effect of socioeconomic measures. Socioeconomic differences in birth outcomes remain pervasive, with substantial variation by racial or ethnic subgroup, and are associated with disadvantage measured at multiple levels (individual/family, neighborhood) and time points (childhood, adulthood), and with adverse health behaviors that are themselves socially patterned. Future reviews should focus on identifying interventions to successfully reduce socioeconomic disparities in birth outcomes. 2010 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            The effects of maternal depression, anxiety, and perceived stress during pregnancy on preterm birth: A systematic review.

            Aleksandra Staneva, Fiona Bogossian, Margo Pritchard … (2015)
            Experiencing psychological distress such as depression, anxiety, and/or perceived stress during pregnancy may increase the risk for adverse birth outcomes, including preterm birth. Clarifying the association between exposure and outcome may improve the understanding of risk factors for prematurity and guide future clinical and research practices.
            Article 0 comments Cited 200 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive impairment in preterm infants.

              Alicia Spittle, Jane Orton, Peter Anderson … (2015)
              Infants born preterm are at increased risk of developing cognitive and motor impairment compared with infants born at term. Early developmental interventions have been provided in the clinical setting with the aim of improving overall functional outcomes for these infants. Long-term benefits of these programmes remain unclear.
              Article 0 comments Cited 177 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Erika M. Edwards: +802-865-4814 ext246 , eedwards@vtoxford.org
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Pediatr Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Pediatr. Res
                Title: Pediatric Research
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group US (New York )
                ISSN (Print): 0031-3998
                ISSN (Electronic): 1530-0447
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 July 2019
                Publication date PMC-release: 29 July 2019
                Publication date (Print): 2020
                Volume: 87
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 227-234
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2179 9593, GRID grid.24827.3b, Department of Pediatrics, , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, ; Cincinnati, OH USA
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9025 8099, GRID grid.239573.9, Division of General & Community Pediatrics and Hospital Medicine, , Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, ; Cincinnati, OH USA
                [3 ]GRID grid.492967.7, Vermont Oxford Network, ; Burlington, VT USA
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7689, GRID grid.59062.38, Department of Pediatrics, , Robert Larner, MD, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, ; Burlington, VT USA
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7689, GRID grid.59062.38, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, , College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont, ; Burlington, VT USA
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0670 2351, GRID grid.59734.3c, Blavatnik Family Women’s Health Research Institute, , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, ; New York, NY USA
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0670 2351, GRID grid.59734.3c, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, ; New York, NY USA
                [8 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0670 2351, GRID grid.59734.3c, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, ; New York, NY USA
                [9 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9011 8547, GRID grid.239395.7, Department of Neonatology, , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, ; Boston, MA USA
                [10 ]ISNI 000000041936754X, GRID grid.38142.3c, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, , Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, ; Boston, MA USA
                [11 ]ISNI 000000041936754X, GRID grid.38142.3c, Department of Pediatrics, , Harvard Medical School, ; Boston, MA USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 513
                DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0513-6
                PMC ID: 6960093
                PubMed ID: 31357209
                SO-VID: 5098564d-6dbe-489c-8772-365c29c2da13
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2019
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 16 April 2019
                Date accepted : 4 July 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc 2020

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pediatrics
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pediatrics

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