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      Gender Differences in Emotional Response: Inconsistency between Experience and Expressivity

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          Abstract

          The present study investigated gender differences in both emotional experience and expressivity. Heart rate (HR) was recorded as an indicator of emotional experience while the participants watched 16 video clips that induced eight types of emotion (sadness, anger, horror, disgust, neutrality, amusement, surprise, and pleasure). We also asked the participants to report valence, arousal, and motivation as indicators of emotional expressivity. Overall, the results revealed gender differences in emotional experience and emotional expressivity. When watching videos that induced anger, amusement, and pleasure, men showed larger decreases in HR, whereas women reported higher levels of arousal. There was no gender difference in HR when the participants watched videos that induced horror and disgust, but women reported lower valence, higher arousal, and stronger avoidance motivation than did men. Finally, no gender difference was observed in sadness or surprise, although there was one exception—women reported higher arousal when watching videos that induced sadness. The findings suggest that, when watching videos that induce an emotional response, men often have more intense emotional experiences, whereas women have higher emotional expressivity, particularly for negative emotions. In addition, gender differences depend on the specific emotion type but not the valence.

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          Most cited references38

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          Heart rate variability: origins, methods, and interpretive caveats.

          Components of heart rate variability have attracted considerable attention in psychology and medicine and have become important dependent measures in psychophysiology and behavioral medicine. Quantification and interpretation of heart rate variability, however, remain complex issues and are fraught with pitfalls. The present report (a) examines the physiological origins and mechanisms of heart rate variability, (b) considers quantitative approaches to measurement, and (c) highlights important caveats in the interpretation of heart rate variability. Summary guidelines for research in this area are outlined, and suggestions and prospects for future developments are considered.
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            Measures of emotion: A review.

            A consensual, componential model of emotions conceptualises them as experiential, physiological, and behavioural responses to personally meaningful stimuli. The present review examines this model in terms of whether different types of emotion-evocative stimuli are associated with discrete and invariant patterns of responding in each response system, how such responses are structured, and if such responses converge across different response systems. Across response systems, the bulk of the available evidence favours the idea that measures of emotional responding reflect dimensions rather than discrete states. In addition, experiential, physiological, and behavioural response systems are associated with unique sources of variance, which in turn limits the magnitude of convergence across measures. Accordingly, the authors suggest that there is no "gold standard" measure of emotional responding. Rather, experiential, physiological, and behavioural measures are all relevant to understanding emotion and cannot be assumed to be interchangeable.
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              Emotion and motivation II: sex differences in picture processing.

              Adhering to the view that emotional reactivity is organized in part by underlying motivational states--defensive and appetitive--we investigated sex differences in motivational activation. Men's and women's affective reactions were measured while participants viewed pictures with varied emotional and neutral content. As expected, highly arousing contents of threat, mutilation, and erotica prompted the largest affective reactions in both men and women. Nonetheless, women showed a broad disposition to respond with greater defensive reactivity to aversive pictures, regardless of specific content, whereas increased appetitive activation was apparent for men only when viewing erotica. Biological and sociocultural factors in shaping sex differences in emotional reactivity are considered as possible mediators of sex differences in emotional response.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                30 June 2016
                2016
                : 11
                : 6
                : e0158666
                Affiliations
                [1 ]State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
                [2 ]Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavior Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
                [3 ]Research Center of Emotion Regulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
                [4 ]Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau S.A.R., China
                [5 ]Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
                University of Würzburg, GERMANY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: YD RZ MY. Performed the experiments: YD MY. Analyzed the data: YD MY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YD MY. Wrote the paper: YD LC MY RZ MH.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7035-7097
                Article
                PONE-D-15-48924
                10.1371/journal.pone.0158666
                4928818
                27362361
                50b20654-35d2-41b0-97bc-0e780737626c
                © 2016 Deng et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 18 November 2015
                : 20 June 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 1, Pages: 12
                Funding
                Funded by: National Basic Research Program of China
                Award ID: 2011CB505101
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Shangshan funding
                Award Recipient :
                The work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2011CB505101) and the Key Project of Philosophy and Social Science Research in Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu (2015ZSJDXM001) to Professor Renlai Zhou, as well as the Shangshan funding. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Cardiology
                Heart Rate
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Statistical Methods
                Analysis of Variance
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics (Mathematics)
                Statistical Methods
                Analysis of Variance
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Systems Science
                Reaction Systems
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Systems Science
                Reaction Systems
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Reflexes
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Behavior
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
                Cognitive Psychology
                Learning
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Learning
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Learning
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Learning and Memory
                Learning
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Mood Disorders
                Depression
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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