Central nervous system relapse in younger patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a LYSA and GLA/DSHNHL analysis

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In young low-risk patients with DLBCL (aaIPI 0-1), CNS relapse remains a rare event regardless of frontline therapy and prophylaxis.
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In young high-risk patients with DLBCL (aaIPI 2-3), intensified therapy including agents crossing the BBB leads to low rates of CNS relapse.

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Abstract

Most patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) can be cured with immunochemotherapy such as R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone). Patients with progression or relapse in the central nervous system (CNS) face dismal outcomes. The impact of more aggressive regimens used in frontline therapy has not been systematically investigated in this context. To this end, we analyzed a large cohort of 2203 younger patients with DLBCL treated on 10 German (German Lymphoma Alliance [GLA]/The German High Grade Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Study Group [DSHNHL]) and French (The Lymphoma Study Association [LYSA]) prospective phase 2 and 3 trials after first-line therapy with R-CHOP, R-CHOEP (R-CHOP + etoposide), dose-escalated R-CHOEP followed by repetitive stem cell transplantation (R-MegaCHOEP), or R-ACVBP (rituximab, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vindesine, bleomycine, and prednisone) followed by consolidation including multiple drugs crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Patients with DLBCL with an age-adjusted International Prognostic Index (aaIPI) of 0 to 1 showed very low cumulative incidence rates of CNS relapse regardless of first-line therapy and CNS prophylaxis (3-year cumulative incidences 0%-1%). Younger high-risk patients with aaIPI of 2 to 3 had 3-year cumulative incidence rates of 1.6% and 4% after R-ACVBP plus consolidation or R-(Mega)CHO(E)P, respectively (hazard ratio 2.4; 95% confidence interval: 0.8-7.4; P = .118). Thus, for younger high-risk patients, frontline regimens incorporating agents crossing the BBB may reduce often fatal CNS relapse.

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Most cited references 41

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CHOP-like chemotherapy with or without rituximab in young patients with good-prognosis diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma: 6-year results of an open-label randomised study of the MabThera International Trial (MInT) Group.

Michael Pfreundschuh, Evelyn Kuhnt, Lorenz Trümper … (2011)

The MInT study was the first to show improved 3-year outcomes with the addition of rituximab to a CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone)-like regimen in young patients with good-prognosis diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. Extended follow-up was needed to establish long-term effects. In the randomised open-label MInT study, patients from 18 countries (aged 18-60 years with none or one risk factor according to the age-adjusted International Prognostic Index [IPI], stage II-IV disease or stage I disease with bulk) were randomly assigned to receive six cycles of a CHOP-like chemotherapy with or without rituximab. Bulky and extranodal sites received additional radiotherapy. Randomisation was done centrally with a computer-based tool and was stratified by centre, bulky disease, age-adjusted IPI, and chemotherapy regimen by use of a modified minimisation algorithm that incorporated a stochastic component. Patients and investigators were not masked to treatment allocation. The primary endpoint was event-free survival. Analyses were by intention to treat. This observational study is a follow-up of the MInT trial, which was stopped in 2003, and is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00400907. The intention-to-treat population included 410 patients assigned to chemotherapy alone and 413 assigned to chemotherapy plus rituximab. After a median follow-up of 72 months (range 0·03-119), 6-year event-free survival was 55·8% (95% CI 50·4-60·9; 166 events) for patients assigned to chemotherapy alone and 74·3% (69·3-78·6; 98 events) for those assigned to chemotherapy plus rituximab (difference between groups 18·5%, 11·5-25·4, log-rank p<0·0001). Multivariable analyses showed that event-free survival was affected by treatment group, presence of bulky disease, and age-adjusted IPI and that overall survival was affected by treatment group and presence of bulky disease only. After chemotherapy and rituximab, a favourable subgroup (IPI=0, no bulk) could be defined from a less favourable subgroup (IPI=1 or bulk, or both; event-free survival 84·3% [95% CI 74·2-90·7] vs 71·0% [65·1-76·1], log-rank p=0·005). 18 (4·4%, 95% CI 2·6-6·9) second malignancies occurred in the chemotherapy-alone group and 16 (3·9%, 2·2-6·2) in the chemotherapy and rituximab group (Fisher's exact p=0·730). Rituximab added to six cycles of CHOP-like chemotherapy improved long-term outcomes for young patients with good-prognosis diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. The definition of two prognostic subgroups allows a more refined therapeutic approach to these patients than does assessment by IPI alone. Hoffmann-La Roche. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Randomized Phase III Trial of Ibrutinib and Rituximab Plus Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone in Non–Germinal Center B-Cell Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Anas Younes, Laurie Sehn, Peter Johnson … (2019)

PURPOSE Ibrutinib has shown activity in non–germinal center B-cell diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). This double-blind phase III study evaluated ibrutinib and rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) in untreated non–germinal center B-cell DLBCL. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients were randomly assigned at a one-to-one ratio to ibrutinib (560 mg per day orally) plus R-CHOP or placebo plus R-CHOP. The primary end point was event-free survival (EFS) in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population and the activated B-cell (ABC) DLBCL subgroup. Secondary end points included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety. RESULTS A total of 838 patients were randomly assigned to ibrutinib plus R-CHOP (n = 419) or placebo plus R-CHOP (n = 419). Median age was 62.0 years; 75.9% of evaluable patients had ABC subtype disease, and baseline characteristics were balanced. Ibrutinib plus R-CHOP did not improve EFS in the ITT (hazard ratio [HR], 0.934) or ABC (HR, 0.949) population. A preplanned analysis showed a significant interaction between treatment and age. In patients age younger than 60 years, ibrutinib plus R-CHOP improved EFS (HR, 0.579), PFS (HR, 0.556), and OS (HR, 0.330) and slightly increased serious adverse events (35.7% v 28.6%), but the proportion of patients receiving at least six cycles of R-CHOP was similar between treatment arms (92.9% v 93.0%). In patients age 60 years or older, ibrutinib plus R-CHOP worsened EFS, PFS, and OS, increased serious adverse events (63.4% v 38.2%), and decreased the proportion of patients receiving at least six cycles of R-CHOP (73.7% v 88.8%). CONCLUSION The study did not meet its primary end point in the ITT or ABC population. However, in patients age younger than 60 years, ibrutinib plus R-CHOP improved EFS, PFS, and OS with manageable safety. In patients age 60 years or older, ibrutinib plus R-CHOP was associated with increased toxicity, leading to compromised R-CHOP administration and worse outcomes. Further investigation is warranted.

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Two-weekly or 3-weekly CHOP chemotherapy with or without etoposide for the treatment of elderly patients with aggressive lymphomas: results of the NHL-B2 trial of the DSHNHL.

Andreas Feller, Norbert Schmitz, Christian Rübe … (2004)

Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone, given every 3 weeks (CHOP-21), is standard chemotherapy for aggressive lymphomas. To determine whether biweekly CHOP (CHOP-14) with or without etoposide is more effective than CHOP-21, 689 patients ages 61 to 75 years were randomized to 6 cycles of CHOP-21, CHOP-14, CHOEP-21 (CHOP plus etoposide 100 mg/m2 days 1-3), or CHOEP-14. Patients in the 2-weekly regimens received granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) starting from day 4. Patients received radiotherapy (36 Gy) to sites of initial bulky disease and extranodal disease. Complete remission rates were 60.1% (CHOP-21), 70.0% (CHOEP-21), 76.1% (CHOP-14), and 71.6% (CHOEP-14). Five-year event-free and overall survival rates were 32.5% and 40.6%, respectively, for CHOP-21 and 43.8% and 53.3%, respectively, for CHOP-14. In a multivariate analysis, the relative risk reduction was 0.66 (P =.003) for event-free and 0.58 (P <.001) for overall survival after CHOP-14 compared with CHOP-21. Toxicity of CHOP-14 and CHOP-21 was similar, but CHOEP-21 and in particular CHOEP-14 were more toxic. Due to its favorable efficacy and toxicity profile, CHOP-14 should be considered the new standard chemotherapy regimen for patients ages 60 or older with aggressive lymphoma.

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Author and article information

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Norbert Schmitz

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Blood Adv

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Blood Adv

Title: Blood Advances

Publisher: The American Society of Hematology

ISSN (Print): 2473-9529

ISSN (Electronic): 2473-9537

Publication date PMC-release: 02 February 2023

Publication date Collection: 08 August 2023

Publication date (Electronic): 02 February 2023

Volume: 7

Issue: 15

Pages: 3968-3977

Affiliations

[1 ]Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hemato-oncologie, Saint-Louis Hôpital, Paris, France

[2 ]Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

[3 ]Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumonology, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany

[4 ]Statistique, Lymphoma Academic Research Organisation, Pierre-Benite, France

[5 ]Centre d’Oncologie-Hématologie, Bois-Cerf Clinique, Lausanne, Switzerland

[6 ]Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France

[7 ]Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical School, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany

[8 ]Oncologie-Hematologie, Polyclinique Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France

[9 ]Department for Hematology and Oncology, Westpfalz-Klnikum Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany

[10 ]Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, INSERM UMR1231, Dijon, France

[11 ]APHP, Hematologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Creteil, France

[12 ]Hematologie, CHRU de Lille, Lille, France

[13 ]Department for Hematology, Oncology, Tumor Immunology, and Palliative Care, Helios Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany

[14 ]Hematologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire L’Archet, Nice, France

[15 ]INSERM U1245, Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen, France

[16 ]Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

[17 ]Department of Clinical Pathology, Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany

[18 ]Université de Paris, APHP, Anatomo-pathologie, Necker Hôpital, Paris, France

Author notes

[∗ ]Correspondence: Norbert Schmitz, Department of Medicine A for Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, Münster University Hospital, Domagkstr 3, 48149 Münster, Germany; norbert.schmitz@ 123456ukmuenster.de

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Publisher Item ID: S2473-9529(23)00049-6

DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008888

PMC ID: 10410133

SO-VID: 50b61ad9-2924-4750-8a90-eb5ced73803e

Copyright statement: © 2023 by The American Society of Hematology. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), permitting only noncommercial, nonderivative use with attribution. All other rights reserved.

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This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Central nervous system relapse in younger patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a LYSA and GLA/DSHNHL analysis

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Most cited references 41

CHOP-like chemotherapy with or without rituximab in young patients with good-prognosis diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma: 6-year results of an open-label randomised study of the MabThera International Trial (MInT) Group.

Randomized Phase III Trial of Ibrutinib and Rituximab Plus Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone in Non–Germinal Center B-Cell Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Two-weekly or 3-weekly CHOP chemotherapy with or without etoposide for the treatment of elderly patients with aggressive lymphomas: results of the NHL-B2 trial of the DSHNHL.

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