Las instituciones y sus críticos o la costumbre de polarizar la realidad: el caso de la influenza A (H1N1)  <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Institutions and their critics, or the habit of polarizing reality: the case of influenza A (H1N1) </span>

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Abstract

Declarada a fines de abril de 2009 la epidemia de influenza A (H1N1) en México, se realizaron toda una serie de críticas y en menor grado de apoyos respecto de las medidas aplicadas y de la forma de operar del sector salud mexicano. En este texto trato de explicitar, a través de materiales publicados en revistas médicas y en la prensa mexicana, cuáles son los presupuestos técnicos e ideológicos con que trabajó el sector salud y cuáles son los manejados por los críticos. Esto se realiza con dos objetivos complementarios: primero, tratar de entender por qué actuó como actuó el sector salud mexicano y, segundo, para observar la legitimidad técnica de las acciones que desarrolló dicho sector y de las críticas que se hicieron a dichas acciones.

Translated abstract

The declaration of the influenza A (H1N1) epidemic in late April 2009 in Mexico was followed by a series of criticisms and to a lesser degree shows of support of the measures applied and of the manner of operation of the Mexican health system. In this text, I attempt to explain, using materials published in medical journals and in the Mexican press, the technical and ideological assumptions behind the work undertaken by the health sector as well as the assumptions behind the criticisms received. This exploration has two complementary objectives: first, to understand why the Mexican health sector acted the way it did; and second, to consider the technical legitimacy of the actions developed by the health sector and of the criticisms made regarding those actions.

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Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study.

Fatimah S. Dawood, A. Iuliano, Carrie Reed … (2012)

18,500 laboratory-confirmed deaths caused by the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 were reported worldwide for the period April, 2009, to August, 2010. This number is likely to be only a fraction of the true number of the deaths associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1. We aimed to estimate the global number of deaths during the first 12 months of virus circulation in each country. We calculated crude respiratory mortality rates associated with the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 strain by age (0-17 years, 18-64 years, and >64 years) using the cumulative (12 months) virus-associated symptomatic attack rates from 12 countries and symptomatic case fatality ratios (sCFR) from five high-income countries. To adjust crude mortality rates for differences between countries in risk of death from influenza, we developed a respiratory mortality multiplier equal to the ratio of the median lower respiratory tract infection mortality rate in each WHO region mortality stratum to the median in countries with very low mortality. We calculated cardiovascular disease mortality rates associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 infection with the ratio of excess deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases during the pandemic in five countries and multiplied these values by the crude respiratory disease mortality rate associated with the virus. Respiratory and cardiovascular mortality rates associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 were multiplied by age to calculate the number of associated deaths. We estimate that globally there were 201,200 respiratory deaths (range 105,700-395,600) with an additional 83,300 cardiovascular deaths (46,000-179,900) associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1. 80% of the respiratory and cardiovascular deaths were in people younger than 65 years and 51% occurred in southeast Asia and Africa. Our estimate of respiratory and cardiovascular mortality associated with the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 was 15 times higher than reported laboratory-confirmed deaths. Although no estimates of sCFRs were available from Africa and southeast Asia, a disproportionate number of estimated pandemic deaths might have occurred in these regions. Therefore, efforts to prevent influenza need to effectively target these regions in future pandemics. None. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.