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      Novel Experimentally Observed Phenomena in Soft Matter

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          Abstract

          Soft materials such as colloidal suspensions, polymer solutions and liquid crystals are constituted by mesoscopic entities held together by weak forces. Their mechanical moduli are several orders of magnitude lower than those of atomic solids. The application of small to moderate stresses to these materials results in the disruption of their microstructures. The resulting flow is non-Newtonian and is characterised by features such as shear rate-dependent viscosities and non-zero normal stresses. This article begins with an introduction to some unusual flow properties displayed by soft matter. Experiments that report a spectrum of novel phenomena exhibited by these materials, such as turbulent drag reduction, elastic turbulence, the formation of shear bands and the existence of rheological chaos, flow-induced birefringence and the unusual rheology of soft glassy materials, are reviewed. The focus then shifts to observations of the liquid-like response of granular media that have been subjected to external forces. The article concludes with examples of the patterns that emerge when certain soft materials are vibrated, or when they are displaced with Newtonian fluids of lower viscosities.

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          Most cited references27

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          Pattern formation outside of equilibrium

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            Granular solids, liquids, and gases

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              Avalanche Behavior in Yield Stress Fluids

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                19 July 2013
                Article
                10.1007/s12043-013-0555-y
                1307.5168
                50e6628f-42d3-46bc-89eb-2ed2f4a24cf1

                http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

                History
                Custom metadata
                Pramana - J. Phys., 81 (1), pp 3-34, 2013
                30 pages, 11 figures, invited review article, supplementary videos may be obtained from the journal website
                cond-mat.soft

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