Exosomes: secreted vesicles and intercellular communications

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Abstract

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types, and are thought to play important roles in intercellular communications. Although exosomes were originally described in 1983, interest in these vesicles has really increased dramatically in the last 3 years, after the finding that they contain mRNA and microRNA. This discovery sparked renewed interest for the general field of membrane vesicles involved in intercellular communications, and research on these structures has grown exponentially over the last few years, probing their composition and function, as well as their potential value as biomarkers.

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Most cited references 17

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Electron microscopic evidence for externalization of the transferrin receptor in vesicular form in sheep reticulocytes

K. Teng, M Adam Mahmood, C Wu … (1985)

Using ferritin-labeled protein A and colloidal gold-labeled anti-rabbit IgG, the fate of the sheep transferrin receptor has been followed microscopically during reticulocyte maturation in vitro. After a few minutes of incubation at 37 degrees C, the receptor is found on the cell surface or in simple vesicles of 100-200 nm, in which the receptor appears to line the limiting membrane of the vesicles. With time (60 min or longer), large multivesicular elements (MVEs) appear whose diameter may reach 1-1.5 micron. Inside these large MVEs are round bodies of approximately 50-nm diam that bear the receptor at their external surfaces. The limiting membrane of the large MVEs is relatively free from receptor. When the large MVEs fuse with the plasma membrane, their contents, the 50-nm bodies, are released into the medium. The 50-nm bodies appear to arise by budding from the limiting membrane of the intracellular vesicles. Removal of surface receptor with pronase does not prevent exocytosis of internalized receptor. It is proposed that the exocytosis of the approximately 50-nm bodies represents the mechanism by which the transferrin receptor is shed during reticulocyte maturation.

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Eradication of established murine tumors using a novel cell-free vaccine: dendritic cell-derived exosomes.

L Zitvogel, A Regnault, A Lozier … (1998)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells with the unique capacity to induce primary and secondary immune responses in vivo. Here, we show that DCs secrete antigen presenting vesicles, called exosomes, which express functional Major Histocompatibility Complex class I and class II, and T-cell costimulatory molecules. Tumor peptide-pulsed DC-derived exosomes prime specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo and eradicate or suppress growth of established murine tumors in a T cell-dependent manner. Exosome-based cell-free vaccines represent an alternative to DC adoptive therapy for suppressing tumor growth.

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Indirect activation of naïve CD4+ T cells by dendritic cell-derived exosomes.

Clotilde Théry, Livine Duban, Elodie Segura … (2002)

Dendritic cells (DCs) secrete vesicles of endosomal origin, called exosomes, that bear major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and T cell costimulatory molecules. Here, we found that injection of antigen- or peptide-bearing exosomes induced antigen-specific naïve CD4+ T cell activation in vivo. In vitro, exosomes did not induce antigen-dependent T cell stimulation unless mature CD8alpha- DCs were also present in the cultures. These mature DCs could be MHC class II-negative, but had to bear CD80 and CD86. Therefore, in addition to carrying antigen, exosomes promote the exchange of functional peptide-MHC complexes between DCs. Such a mechanism may increase the number of DCs bearing a particular peptide, thus amplifying the initiation of primary adaptive immune responses.

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Contributors

: http://f1000.com/thefaculty/member/2031263275250364

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): F1000 Biol Rep

Title: F1000 Biology Reports

Publisher: Faculty of 1000 Ltd

ISSN (Electronic): 1757-594X

Publication date (Electronic): 01 July 2011

Publication date Collection: 2011

Volume: 3

Electronic Location Identifier: 15

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[1]simpleInstitut Curie INSERM U932, ParisFrance

Article

Publisher ID: 15

DOI: 10.3410/B3-15

PMC ID: 3155154

PubMed ID: 21876726

SO-VID: 510858a5-50dc-4472-8eaa-28a6778b4999

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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. You may not use this work for commercial purposes

Exosomes: secreted vesicles and intercellular communications

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Abstract

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Bacterial extracellular vesicles

Most cited references 17

Electron microscopic evidence for externalization of the transferrin receptor in vesicular form in sheep reticulocytes

Eradication of established murine tumors using a novel cell-free vaccine: dendritic cell-derived exosomes.

Indirect activation of naïve CD4+ T cells by dendritic cell-derived exosomes.

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