Rapid and sensitive point-of-care detection of Orthopoxviruses by ABICAP immunofiltration

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Abstract

Background

The rapid and reliable detection of infectious agents is one of the most challenging tasks in scenarios lacking well-equipped laboratory infrastructure, like diagnostics in rural areas of developing countries. Commercially available point-of-care diagnostic tests for emerging and rare diseases are particularly scarce.

Results

In this work we present a point-of-care test for the detection of Orthopoxviruses (OPV). The OPV ABICAP assay detects down to 1 × 10 ⁴ plaque forming units/mL of OPV particles within 45 min. It can be applied to clinical material like skin crusts and detects all zoonotic OPV infecting humans, including Vaccinia, Cowpox, Monkeypox, and most importantly Variola virus.

Conclusions

Given the high sensitivity and the ease of handling, the novel assay could be highly useful for on-site diagnostics of suspected Monkeypox virus infections in areas lacking proper laboratory infrastructure as well as rapid on-site testing of suspected bioterrorism samples.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0665-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Related collections

Most cited references 17

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Human monkeypox is a zoonotic Orthopoxvirus with a presentation similar to smallpox. Clinical differentiation of the disease from smallpox and varicella is difficult. Laboratory diagnostics are principal components to identification and surveillance of disease, and new tests are needed for a more precise and rapid diagnosis. The majority of human infections occur in Central Africa, where surveillance in rural areas with poor infrastructure is difficult but can be accomplished with evidence-guided tools and educational materials to inform public health workers of important principles. Contemporary epidemiological studies are needed now that populations do not receive routine smallpox vaccination. New therapeutics and vaccines offer hope for the treatment and prevention of monkeypox; however, more research must be done before they are ready to be deployed in an endemic setting. There is a need for more research in the epidemiology, ecology, and biology of the virus in endemic areas to better understand and prevent human infections.

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Poxviruses compromise a group of long known important pathogens including some zoonotic members affecting lifestock animals and humans. While whole genome sequence analysis started to shed light into the molecular mechanisms underlying host cell infection, viral replication as well as virulence, our understanding of poxvirus maintenance in nature and their transmission to humans is still poor. During the last two decades, reports on emerging human monkeypox outbreaks in Africa and North America, the increasing number of cowpox virus infections in cats, exotic animals and humans and cases of vaccinia virus infections in humans in South America and India reminded us that – beside the eradicated smallpox virus – there are other poxviruses that can cause harm to men. We start to learn that the host range of some poxviruses is way broader than initially thought and that mainly rodents seem to function as virus reservoir. The following review is aiming to provide an up-to-date overview on the epidemiology of zoonotic poxviruses, emphasizing orthopoxviruses. By outlining the current knowledge of poxvirus transmission, we hope to raise the awareness about modes of acquisition of infections and their proper diagnosis.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Daniel Stern:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9057-4283

+49 30 18 754 2319 , SternD@rki.de

Victoria A. Olson: vao9@cdc.gov

Scott K. Smith: sks5@cdc.gov

Marko Pietraszczyk: Marko.Pietraszczyk@gmx.de

Lilija Miller: lilija.miller@pei.de

Peter Miethe: pmiethe@fzmb.de

Brigitte G. Dorner: DornerB@rki.de

Andreas Nitsche: NitscheA@rki.de

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Virol J

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Virol. J

Title: Virology Journal

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1743-422X

Publication date (Electronic): 9 December 2016

Publication date PMC-release: 9 December 2016

Publication date Collection: 2016

Volume: 13

Electronic Location Identifier: 207

Affiliations

[1 ]Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS), Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany

[2 ]Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA

[3 ]Senova GmbH, Weimar, Germany

[4 ]FZMB GmbH, Bad Langensalza, Germany

[5 ]Novel Vaccination Strategies and Early Immune Responses, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany

Author information

Daniel Stern http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9057-4283

Article

Publisher ID: 665

DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0665-5

PMC ID: 5148848

PubMed ID: 27938377

SO-VID: 512d816a-32c6-4f40-8b0d-e00d3f25b71d

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 1 July 2016

Date accepted : 2 December 2016

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung;

Award ID: 13N9596

Award ID: 13N9601

Award Recipient : Peter Miethe Brigitte G. Dorner Andreas Nitsche

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology

Keywords: orthopoxvirus,variola virus,monkeypox virus,cowpox virus,vaccinia virus,bioterrorism,zoonosis,point-of-care,rapid detection,abicap

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology

Keywords: orthopoxvirus, variola virus, monkeypox virus, cowpox virus, vaccinia virus, bioterrorism, zoonosis, point-of-care, rapid detection, abicap