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      Characterization of resistance expression in genotypes of Solanum Section Lycopersicon against Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Translated title: Caracterización de la expresión de resistencia en genotipos de Solanum Sección Lycopersicon contra Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

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          Abstract

          N. Vitta, P. Estay, and Chorbadjian, R.A. 2016. Characterization of resistance expression in genotypes of Solanum Section Lycopersicon against Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Cien. Inv. Agr. 43(3):366-373. Two studies were conducted with the aim of characterizing the antixenosis and antibiosis resistance expression of genotypes in the Solanum section Lycopersicon against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). The species used were S. lycopersicum (Fiorentino, Naomi and Belle), S. habrochaites (RCAT030597, PI126446), S. chilense (INIABB79), S. peruvianum (RCAT031296, RCAT039874 and RCAT030403) and S. pimpinellifolium (PI390739). For the antixenosis bioassay, a leaf was removed from plants of each genotype and placed in a cup with a floral foam soaked in water. The cups were stored in cages covered with anti-aphid mesh. The number of eggs per plant was determined seven days after releasing the adults. For the antibiosis bioassay, one leaf per genotype and replication was placed in a plastic cup with floral foam soaked in water, and first-stage tomato leaf miner larvae were placed individually on the leaves. Larval survival, total average male and female pupal weight and consumed foliar area were assessed for each genotype. It was determined that most wild species showed resistance to Tuta absoluta by antixenosis and antibiosis mechanisms. The genotype S. habrochaites (RCAT030597) presented more resistance by antibiosis based on larval survival. Nonetheless, the resistance-level characterization depended on the insect response that was considered because S. chilense was less preferred for oviposition; however, in this genotype, the larval survival in the no-choice assays was among the highest observed. Thus, this study provides comprehensive information on the resistance level of several Solanum genotypes that could be used in further efforts to understand the complex mechanisms underlying Solanum resistance to the tomato leaf miner.

          Translated abstract

          N. Vitta, P. Estay y Chorbadjian, R.A. 2016. Caracterización de la expresión de resistencia en genotipos de Solanum Sección Lycopersicon contra Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Cien. Inv. Agr. 43(3):366-373. Se condujeron dos estudios para caracterizar los mecanismos de resistencia por antixenosis y antibiosis de genotipos de Solanum sección Lycopersicon a Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). Las especies utilizadas fueron Solanum lycopersicum (Fiorentino, Naomi y Belle), S. habrochaites (RCAT030597, PI126446), S. chilense (INIABB79), S. peruvianum (RCAT031296, RCAT039874, RCAT030403) y S. pimpinellifolium (PI390739). Para la evaluación de antixenosis, se retiró una hoja de cada planta y se colocó en un recipiente con espuma floral embebida en agua. Los recipientes se introdujeron en jaulas cubiertas de malla anti-áfidos. Se determinó el número de huevos por planta a los siete días después de la liberación de los adultos. Similarmente, pero en forma independiente, cada hoja se inoculó con una larva de primer estado, evaluándose su sobrevivencia, peso final de pupas hembras y machos y el área foliar consumida. Se determinó que la mayoría de los genotipos silvestres expresaron mecanismos de resistencia a Tuta absoluta por antixenosis y/o antibiosis. El genotipo S. habrochaites (RCAT030597) presentó mayor resistencia por antibiosis basado en la sobrevivencia de las larvas y daño foliar. No obstante, la caracterización del nivel de resistencia dependió de la respuesta considerada, ya que S. chilense fue menos preferido para oviposición pero en este genotipo la sobrevivencia de las larvas estuvo entre las más altas. Así, este estudio proporciona información adicional del nivel de resistencia de varios genotipos de Solanum, la que podría ser utilizada en futuros esfuerzos para comprender los complejos mecanismos que subyacen la expresión de resistencia de Solanum a la polilla del tomate.

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          Domestication and Breeding of Tomatoes: What have We Gained and What Can We Gain in the Future?

          Background It has been shown that a large variation is present and exploitable from wild Solanum species but most of it is still untapped. Considering the thousands of Solanum accessions in different gene banks and probably even more that are still untouched in the Andes, it is a challenge to exploit the diversity of tomato. What have we gained from tomato domestication and breeding and what can we gain in the future? Scope This review summarizes progress on tomato domestication and breeding and current efforts in tomato genome research. Also, it points out potential challenges in exploiting tomato biodiversity and depicts future perspectives in tomato breeding with the emerging knowledge from tomato-omics. Conclusions From first domestication to modern breeding, the tomato has been continually subjected to human selection for a wide array of applications in both science and commerce. Current efforts in tomato breeding are focused on discovering and exploiting genes for the most important traits in tomato germplasm. In the future, breeders will design cultivars by a process named ‘breeding by design’ based on the combination of science and technologies from the genomic era as well as their practical skills.
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            Plant Glandular Trichomes as Targets for Breeding or Engineering of Resistance to Herbivores

            Glandular trichomes are specialized hairs found on the surface of about 30% of all vascular plants and are responsible for a significant portion of a plant’s secondary chemistry. Glandular trichomes are an important source of essential oils, i.e., natural fragrances or products that can be used by the pharmaceutical industry, although many of these substances have evolved to provide the plant with protection against herbivores and pathogens. The storage compartment of glandular trichomes usually is located on the tip of the hair and is part of the glandular cell, or cells, which are metabolically active. Trichomes and their exudates can be harvested relatively easily, and this has permitted a detailed study of their metabolites, as well as the genes and proteins responsible for them. This knowledge now assists classical breeding programs, as well as targeted genetic engineering, aimed to optimize trichome density and physiology to facilitate customization of essential oil production or to tune biocide activity to enhance crop protection. We will provide an overview of the metabolic diversity found within plant glandular trichomes, with the emphasis on those of the Solanaceae, and of the tools available to manipulate their activities for enhancing the plant’s resistance to pests.
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              Insecticide resistance in Argentine populations of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

              The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), is one of the key pests of tomato in Argentina. Since its dispersal in the 1970s, chemical control has been the main method of controlling it. However, reduced efficacy of some of the recommended insecticides has been observed since the 1980s. The aim of this work was to study the toxicity of three insecticides widely used in chemical control of T. absoluta (abamectin, deltamethrin and methamidophos) on larvae from a laboratory susceptible population (CASTELAR) and two greenhouse populations (ROSARIO and BELLA VISTA). Insecticides were dissolved in acetone and topically applied to the mid-dorsal abdominal region of two-day old 4th instar larvae. LD50 values were estimated and the Resistance Ratio (RR) for each insecticide was calculated (RR = LD50 value of each greenhouse population/LD50 value of the susceptible population). ROSARIO and BELLA VISTA populations showed the following RRs values: > 68.38 for deltamethrin; 2.48 and 3.49 for abamectin, respectively; and 0.79 and 0.86 for metamidophos, respectively. Deltamethrin resistance observed in ROSARIO could be due to the high selective pressure exerted by pyrethroids in this location. Deltamethrin resistance in BELLA VISTA is more difficult to explain, because pyrethroids were scarcely used in the greenhouse where the insects were sampled. The incipient abamectin resistance detected in the BELLA VISTA population could result from the frequent use of this insecticide in this location, although natural variation can not be discarded.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ciagr
                Ciencia e investigación agraria
                Cienc. Inv. Agr.
                Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal (Santiago, , Chile )
                0718-1620
                December 2016
                : 43
                : 3
                : 366-373
                Affiliations
                [01] Santiago orgnameInstituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias orgdiv1Centro Regional de Investigación La Platina Chile
                [02] Santiago orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica de Chile orgdiv1Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal orgdiv2Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales Chile
                Article
                S0718-16202016000300003
                10.4067/S0718-16202016000300003
                5143313b-06bb-4395-b96c-96fb3d69475c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 05 May 2016
                : 19 October 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Chile


                Antibiosis,antixenosis,insect-plant interactions,tomato,interacciones insecto-planta,host plant resistance,tomate,resistencia de hospedero

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