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      Preparation of Water Suspensions of Nanocalcite for Cultural Heritage Applications

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          Abstract

          The consolidation of degraded carbonate stone used in ancient monuments is an important topic for European cultural heritage conservation. The products most frequently used as consolidants are based on tetraalkoxy- or alkylalkoxy-silanes (in particular tetraethyl-orthosilicate, TEOS), resulting in the formation of relatively stable amorphous silica or alkylated (hydrophobic) silica inside the stone pores. However, silica is not chemically compatible with carbonate stones; in this respect, nanocalcite may be a suitable alternative. The present work concerns the preparation of water suspensions of calcite nanoparticles (CCNPs) by controlled carbonation of slaked lime using a pilot-scale reactor. A simplified design of experiment was adopted for product optimization. Calcite nanoparticles of narrow size distribution averaging about 30 nm were successfully obtained, the concentration of the interfacial agent and the size of CaO being the most critical parameters. Primary nanoparticle aggregation causing flocculation could be substantially prevented by the addition of polymeric dispersants. Copolymer-based dispersants were produced in situ by controlled heterophase polymerisation mediated by an amphiphilic macro-RAFT (reversible addition-fragmentation transfer) agent. The stabilized CCNP aqueous dispersions were then applied on carbonate and silicate substrates; Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)analysis of cross-sections allowed the evaluation of pore penetration, interfacial binding, and bridging (gap-filling) properties of these novel consolidants.

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          The role of interparticle and external forces in nanoparticle assembly.

          The past 20 years have witnessed simultaneous multidisciplinary explosions in experimental techniques for synthesizing new materials, measuring and manipulating nanoscale structures, understanding biological processes at the nanoscale, and carrying out large-scale computations of many-atom and complex macromolecular systems. These advances have led to the new disciplines of nanoscience and nanoengineering. For reasons that are discussed here, most nanoparticles do not 'self-assemble' into their thermodynamically lowest energy state, and require an input of energy or external forces to 'direct' them into particular structures or assemblies. We discuss why and how a combination of self- and directed-assembly processes, involving interparticle and externally applied forces, can be applied to produce desired nanostructured materials.
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            Functional Polymers from Novel Carboxyl-Terminated Trithiocarbonates as Highly Efficient RAFT Agents

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              The formation and transformation mechanism of calcium carbonate in water

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nanomaterials (Basel)
                Nanomaterials (Basel)
                nanomaterials
                Nanomaterials
                MDPI
                2079-4991
                19 April 2018
                April 2018
                : 8
                : 4
                : 254
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Inter University National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy; maria.beatrice.coltelli@ 123456unipi.it (M.-B.C.); dario.paolo06@ 123456gmail.com (D.P.); valter.castelvetro@ 123456unipi.it (V.C.); sabrinab@ 123456dcci.unipi.it (S.B.)
                [2 ]Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi 2, 56126 Pisa, Italy; luca.panariello@ 123456ing.unipi.it
                [3 ]Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
                [4 ]Institute of Arts and Technology/Conservation Sciences (IACTS), University of Applied Arts, Salzgries 14/1, A-1010 Wien, Austria; elisabeth.mascha@ 123456uni-ak.ac.at (E.M.); cecilia.pesce@ 123456uni-ak.ac.at (C.P.); johannes.weber@ 123456uni-ak.ac.at (J.W.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: andrea.lazzeri@ 123456unipi.it ; Tel.: +39-050-2217-807
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3302-7037
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9463-1502
                Article
                nanomaterials-08-00254
                10.3390/nano8040254
                5923584
                29671800
                51643753-c401-4584-a0c1-bdfb1364d089
                © 2018 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 27 March 2018
                : 16 April 2018
                Categories
                Article

                nanocalcite,heritage conservation,calcium carbonate,aqueous nanoparticles,consolidation

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