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      Commentary on: Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research : On the slippery slopes: The case of gambling addiction

      article-commentary
      1 , *
      Journal of Behavioral Addictions
      Akadémiai Kiadó
      pathological gambling, video games, addiction, tolerance, neuroimaging, structural features

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          Abstract

          Billieux et al. (2015) propose that the recent proliferation of behavioral addictions has been driven by deficiencies in the underlying research strategy. This commentary considers how pathological gambling (now termed gambling disorder) traversed these challenges to become the first recognized behavioral addiction in the DSM-5. Ironically, many similar issues continue to exist in research on gambling disorder, including question-marks over the validity of tolerance, heterogeneity in gambling motives, and the under-specification of neuroimaging biomarkers. Nevertheless, I contend that the case for gambling disorder as a behavioral addiction has been bolstered by the existence of clear and consistent functional impairment (primarily in the form of debt), coupled with the development of a public health approach that has given emphasis to product features (i.e. the structural characteristics of gambling forms) as much as individual dispositions (the ‘addictive personality’).

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          Most cited references20

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          The dopamine theory of addiction: 40 years of highs and lows.

          For several decades, addiction has come to be viewed as a disorder of the dopamine neurotransmitter system; however, this view has not led to new treatments. In this Opinion article, we review the origins of the dopamine theory of addiction and discuss the ability of addictive drugs to elicit the release of dopamine in the human striatum. There is robust evidence that stimulants increase striatal dopamine levels and some evidence that alcohol may have such an effect, but little evidence, if any, that cannabis and opiates increase dopamine levels. Moreover, there is good evidence that striatal dopamine receptor availability and dopamine release are diminished in individuals with stimulant or alcohol dependence but not in individuals with opiate, nicotine or cannabis dependence. These observations have implications for understanding reward and treatment responses in various addictions.
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            Toward a syndrome model of addiction: multiple expressions, common etiology.

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              A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling.

              At the moment, there is no single conceptual theoretical model of gambling that adequately accounts for the multiple biological, psychological and ecological variables contributing to the development of pathological gambling. Advances in this area are hampered by imprecise definitions of pathological gambling, failure to distinguish between gambling problems and problem gamblers and a tendency to assume that pathological gamblers form one, homogeneous population with similar psychological principles applying equally to all members of the class. The purpose of this paper is to advance a pathways model that integrates the complex array of biological, personality, developmental, cognitive, learning theory and ecological determinants of problem and pathological gambling. It is proposed that three distinct subgroups of gamblers manifesting impaired control over their behaviour can be identified. These groups include (a) behaviourally conditioned problem gamblers, (b) emotionally vulnerable problem gamblers and (c) antisocial, impulsivist problem gamblers. The implications for clinical management are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Behav Addict
                J Behav Addict
                jba
                JBA
                Journal of Behavioral Addictions
                Akadémiai Kiadó
                2062-5871
                2063-5303
                September 2015
                29 September 2015
                : 4
                : 3
                : 132-134
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada
                Author notes
                * Corresponding address: Dr Luke Clark; Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4; E-mail: luke.clark@ 123456psych.ubc.ca
                Article
                10.1556/2006.4.2015.014
                4627669
                26551898
                51bd8800-4850-4373-9967-e048ed383df2
                © 2015 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 24 April 2015
                : 28 April 2015
                : 30 April 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, References: 26, Pages: 3
                Funding
                The Centre for Gambling Research at UBC is supported by funding from the Province of British Columbia and the British Columbia Lottery Corporation (BCLC). Dr Clark holds research funding in the UK from the Medical Research Council (G1100554).
                Categories
                Commentary

                pathological gambling,video games,addiction,tolerance,neuroimaging,structural features

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