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      Measuring Cognitive Reserve (CR) – A systematic review of measurement properties of CR questionnaires for the adult population

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Aim

          The aim of this systematic review was to summarize and critically appraise the quality of published literature on measurement properties of questionnaires assessing Cognitive Reserve (CR) in adults (>18 years).

          Methods

          We systematically searched for published studies on MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science through August 2018. We evaluated the methodological quality of the included studies and the results on measurement properties based on a consensus-based standard checklist.

          Results

          The search strategy identified 991 publications, of which 37 were selected evaluating the measurement properties of six different questionnaires. Construct validity of the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire was most extensively evaluated, while evaluation of the remaining measurement properties of this questionnaire was scarce. Measurement properties of the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire and the Cognitive Reserve Scale were assessed more completely. While the Lifetime of Experience Questionnaire seems to be the most thorough instrument, a finale recommendation for one specific questionnaire cannot be drawn, since about half of the measurement properties for each questionnaire were poorly or not assessed at all.

          Conclusions

          There is a need of high quality methodological studies assessing measurement properties of CR questionnaires, especially regarding content validity, structural validity, and responsiveness.

          Trial registration

          PROSPERO Registration number CRD42018107766.

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          Most cited references51

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          Assessment of complex mental activity across the lifespan: development of the Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire (LEQ).

          Perminder Sachdev, Guillermo J. Valenzuela (2007)
          Brain reserve is a property of the central nervous system related to complex mental activity which may mediate the course and clinical expression of brain injury. Since there is no instrument that comprehensively assesses complex mental activity through the lifespan, we developed and tested the Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire (LEQ) in a prospective study of healthy ageing. The LEQ assesses educational, occupational and cognitive lifestyle activities at different stages through life. Test-retest, item analysis and Item Response Theory (IRT) were used to determine reliability. Dimensionality was evaluated using factor analysis. Validity was established through IRT analysis of test performance, correlation with an extant contemporaneous instrument (Cognitive Activities Scale; CAS) and prediction of global cognitive change over 18 months controlling for age, baseline cognition and hypertension. In a sample of healthy older individuals (n=79) the LEQ was found to be consistent, coherent and discriminate between individuals with high and low mental activity levels. Factor analysis revealed a dominant factor which loaded heavily on education, occupation and leisure activity. Total LEQ was significantly correlated with the CAS. Furthermore, individuals with higher LEQ scores showed less cognitive decline over 18 months, independent of covariates (r=0.37, p=0.003). The LEQ is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing complex lifespan mental activity which is protective against cognitive decline. The LEQ is therefore proposed as a useful tool for estimating brain reserve in older individuals and further development is anticipated.
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            The concept of cognitive reserve: a catalyst for research.

            Yaakov Stern (2003)
            Article 0 comments Cited 72 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              White matter hyperintensities and cognition: testing the reserve hypothesis.

              Adam Brickman, Karen Siedlecki, Jordan Muraskin … (2011)
              White matter hyperintensities (WMH), visualized on T2-weighted MRI, are thought to reflect small-vessel vascular disease. Much like other markers of brain disease, the association between WMH and cognition is imperfect. The concept of reserve may account for this imperfect relationship. The purpose of this study was to test the reserve hypothesis in the association between WMH severity and cognition. We hypothesized that individuals with higher amounts of reserve would be able to tolerate greater amounts of pathology than those with lower reserve. Neurologically healthy older adults (n=717) from a community-based study received structural MRI, neuropsychological assessment, and evaluation of reserve. WMH volume was quantified algorithmically. We derived latent constructs representing four neuropsychological domains, a measure of cognitive reserve, and a measure of brain reserve. Measures of cognitive and brain reserve consisted of psychosocial (e.g., education) and anthropometric (e.g., craniometry) variables, respectively. Increased WMH volume was associated with poorer cognition and higher cognitive and brain reserve were associated with better cognition. Controlling for speed/executive function or for language function, those with higher estimates of cognitive reserve had significantly greater degrees of WMH volume, particularly among women. Controlling for cognitive functioning across all domains, individuals with higher estimates of brain reserve had significantly greater WMH volume. For any given level of cognitive function, those with higher reserve had more pathology in the form of WMH, suggesting that they are better able to cope with pathology than those with lower reserve. Both brain reserve and cognitive reserve appear to mitigate the impact of pathology on cognition. Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
              Article 0 comments Cited 69 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Nadja Kartschmit: Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Rafael Mikolajczyk: Role: ConceptualizationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Torsten Schubert: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Maria Elena Lacruz:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2036-3039
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Konstantinos C. Fragkos: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 7 August 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0219851
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics, and Informatics (IMEBI), Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
                [2 ] Department of Psychology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
                University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UNITED KINGDOM
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2036-3039
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-19-03350
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219851
                PMC ID: 6685632
                PubMed ID: 31390344
                SO-VID: 51d24fe8-9f8c-4b33-a962-b722c95fa5eb
                Copyright © © 2019 Kartschmit et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 5 February 2019
                Date accepted : 2 July 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 5, Pages: 23
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Cognitive Science
                Subject: Cognitive Neuroscience
                Subject: Cognitive Neurology
                Subject: Cognitive Impairment
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Cognitive Neuroscience
                Subject: Cognitive Neurology
                Subject: Cognitive Impairment
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Neurology
                Subject: Cognitive Neurology
                Subject: Cognitive Impairment
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Research Design
                Subject: Survey Research
                Subject: Questionnaires
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Age Groups
                Subject: Elderly
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Cognitive Science
                Subject: Cognitive Neuroscience
                Subject: Cognitive Neurology
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Cognitive Neuroscience
                Subject: Cognitive Neurology
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Neurology
                Subject: Cognitive Neurology
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Geriatrics
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Dementia
                Subject: Alzheimer's Disease
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Neurology
                Subject: Dementia
                Subject: Alzheimer's Disease
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Neurology
                Subject: Neurodegenerative Diseases
                Subject: Alzheimer's Disease
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Geriatrics
                Subject: Geriatric Psychiatry
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Geriatric Psychiatry
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Ethnicities
                Subject: European People
                Subject: Italian People
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All relevant data are within the manuscript and Supporting Information files.

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