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      Fragilidad relativa de fémures osteoporóticos evaluados con DXA y simulación de caídas con elementos finitos guiados por radiografías de urgencias Translated title: Relative fragility of osteoporotic femurs assessed with DXA and simulation of finite element falls guided by emergency X-rays

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo: El diagnóstico de osteoporosis se ha fundamentado en la medición de la densidad mineral ósea, si bien esta variable tiene una capacidad limitada en la discriminación de pacientes con o sin fracturas. La aplicación del análisis de elementos finitos (FE) sobre imágenes volumétricas de tomografía computarizada ha mejorado la clasificación de sujetos hasta 90%, aunque la dosis de radiación, complejidad y coste no aconsejan su práctica regular. Nuestro objetivo es aplicar el análisis FE a modelos tridimensionales con absorciometría radiológica dual (3DDXA), para clasificar pacientes con fractura osteoporótica de fémur proximal y sin fractura. Material y métodos: Se selecciónó una cohorte de 111 pacientes con osteoporosis densitométrica: 62 con fractura y 49 sin ella. Se utilizaron modelos FE sujetoespecíficos para el impacto, como la simulación estática de la caída lateral. Las simulaciónes de impacto permiten identificar la región crítica en el 95% de los casos, y la respuesta mecánica a una fuerza lateral máxima. Se realizó un análisis mediante un clasificador discriminativo (Support Vector Machine) por tipo de fractura, tejido y género, utilizando las mediciónes DXA y parámetros biomecánicos. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron una sensibilidad de clasificación del 100%, y una tasa de falsos negativos de 0% para los casos de fractura de cuello para el hueso trabecular en las mujeres. Se identifica la variable tensión principal mayor (MPS) como el mejor parámetro para la clasificación. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que el uso de modelos 3DDXA podría ayudar a discriminar mejor a los pacientes con elevado riesgo de fracturarse.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objetive: The diagnosis of osteoporosis has been based on the measurement of bone mineral density, although this variable has a limited capacity in discriminating patients with or without fractures. The application of finite element analysis (FE) on computed tomography volumetric images has improved the classification of subjects by up to 90%, although the radiation dose, complexity, and cost do not favor their regular practice. Our objective is to apply FE analysis to threedimensional models with dualenergy xray absorptiometry (3DDXA), to classify patients who present osteoporotic fracture of the proximal femur and those without fracture. Material and methods: A cohort of 111 patients with densitometric osteoporosis was selected: 62 with fracture and 49 without it. Subjectspecific FE models for impact were used, such as static simulation of lateral fall. Impact simulations allow identifying the critical region in 95% of cases, and the mechanical response to maximum lateral force. An analysis was performed using a discriminative classifier (Support Vector Machine) by fracture type, tissue and gender, using DXA measurements and biomechanical parameters. Results: The results showed a classification sensitivity of 100%, and a false negative rate of 0% for cases of neck fracture for trabecular bone in women. The variable major main stress (MPS) is identified as the best parameter for the classification. Conclusion: The results suggest that using 3DDXA models help in order to better discriminate patients with raised fracture risk.

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          Most cited references32

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          Assessment of incident spine and hip fractures in women and men using finite element analysis of CT scans.

          Finite element analysis of computed tomography (CT) scans provides noninvasive estimates of bone strength at the spine and hip. To further validate such estimates clinically, we performed a 5-year case-control study of 1110 women and men over age 65 years from the AGES-Reykjavik cohort (case = incident spine or hip fracture; control = no incident spine or hip fracture). From the baseline CT scans, we measured femoral and vertebral strength, as well as bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip (areal BMD only) and lumbar spine (trabecular volumetric BMD only). We found that for incident radiographically confirmed spine fractures (n = 167), the age-adjusted odds ratio for vertebral strength was significant for women (2.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8 to 4.3) and men (2.2, 95% CI 1.5 to 3.2) and for men remained significant (p = 0.01) independent of vertebral trabecular volumetric BMD. For incident hip fractures (n = 171), the age-adjusted odds ratio for femoral strength was significant for women (4.2, 95% CI 2.6 to 6.9) and men (3.5, 95% CI 2.3 to 5.3) and remained significant after adjusting for femoral neck areal BMD in women and for total hip areal BMD in both sexes; fracture classification improved for women by combining femoral strength with femoral neck areal BMD (p = 0.002). For both sexes, the probabilities of spine and hip fractures were similarly high at the BMD-based interventional thresholds for osteoporosis and at corresponding preestablished thresholds for "fragile bone strength" (spine: women ≤ 4500 N, men ≤ 6500 N; hip: women ≤ 3000 N, men ≤ 3500 N). Because it is well established that individuals over age 65 years who have osteoporosis at the hip or spine by BMD criteria should be considered at high risk of fracture, these results indicate that individuals who have fragile bone strength at the hip or spine should also be considered at high risk of fracture.
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            An accurate estimation of bone density improves the accuracy of subject-specific finite element models.

            An experimental-numerical study was performed to investigate the relationships between computed tomography (CT)-density and ash density, and between ash density and apparent density for bone tissue, to evaluate their influence on the accuracy of subject-specific FE models of human bones. Sixty cylindrical bone specimens were examined. CT-densities were computed from CT images while apparent and ash densities were measured experimentally. The CT/ash-density and ash/apparent-density relationships were calculated. Finite element models of eight human femurs were generated considering these relationships to assess their effect on strain prediction accuracy. CT and ash density were linearly correlated (R(2)=0.997) over the whole density range but not equivalent (intercep t 1). A constant ash/apparent-density ratio (0.598+/-0.004) was found for cortical bone. A lower ratio, with a larger dispersion, was found for trabecular bone (0.459+/-0.100), but it became less dispersed, and equal to that of cortical tissue, when testing smaller trabecular specimens (0.598+/-0.036). This suggests that an experimental error occurred in apparent-density measurements for large trabecular specimens and a constant ratio can be assumed valid for the whole density range. Introducing the obtained relationships in the FE modelling procedure improved strain prediction accuracy (R(2)=0.95, RMSE=7%). The results suggest that: (i) a correction of the densitometric calibration should be used when evaluating bone ash-density from clinical CT scans, to avoid ash-density underestimation and overestimation for low- and high-density bone tissue, respectively; (ii) the ash/apparent-density ratio can be assumed constant in human femurs and (iii) the correction improves significantly the model accuracy and should be considered in subject-specific bone modelling.
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              Finite element analysis of the proximal femur and hip fracture risk in older men.

              Low areal BMD (aBMD) is associated with increased risk of hip fracture, but many hip fractures occur in persons without low aBMD. Finite element (FE) analysis of QCT scans provides a measure of hip strength. We studied the association of FE measures with risk of hip fracture in older men. A prospective case-cohort study of all first hip fractures (n = 40) and a random sample (n = 210) of nonfracture cases from 3549 community-dwelling men > or =65 yr of age used baseline QCT scans of the hip (mean follow-up, 5.6 yr). Analyses included FE measures of strength and load-to-strength ratio and BMD by DXA. Hazard ratios (HRs) for hip fracture were estimated with proportional hazards regression. Both femoral strength (HR per SD change = 13.1; 95% CI: 3.9-43.5) and the load-to-strength ratio (HR = 4.0; 95% CI: 2.7-6.0) were strongly associated with hip fracture risk, as was aBMD as measured by DXA (HR = 5.1; 95% CI: 2.8-9.2). After adjusting for age, BMI, and study site, the associations remained significant (femoral strength HR = 6.5, 95% CI: 2.3-18.3; load-to-strength ratio HR = 4.3, 95% CI: 2.5-7.4; aBMD HR = 4.4, 95% CI: 2.1-9.1). When adjusted additionally for aBMD, the load-to-strength ratio remained significantly associated with fracture (HR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.6-6.1). These results provide insight into hip fracture etiology and demonstrate the ability of FE-based biomechanical analysis of QCT scans to prospectively predict hip fractures in men.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                romm
                Revista de Osteoporosis y Metabolismo Mineral
                Rev Osteoporos Metab Miner
                Sociedad Española de Investigaciones Óseas y Metabolismo Mineral (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1889-836X
                2173-2345
                June 2020
                : 12
                : 2
                : 62-70
                Affiliations
                [2] Terrassa orgnameMutua de Terrassa orgdiv1Centro de Tecnología Diagnóstica S.A. España
                [3] Terrassa orgnameMutua de Terrassa orgdiv1Servicio de Reumatología España
                [4] Barcelona orgnameInstitución Catalana de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (ICREA) España
                [5] Barcelona orgnameGalgo Medical S.L. España
                [1] Barcelona orgnameUniversidad Pompeu Fabra (UPF) orgdiv1Centro para Nuevas Tecnologías Médicas (BNC MedTech) España
                Article
                S1889-836X2020000200005 S1889-836X(20)01200200005
                10.4321/s1889-836x2020000200005
                51d8b6b5-438f-4354-89b8-72e98dcac396

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 10 February 2020
                : 23 January 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 34, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales

                resistencia ósea,DXA,densitometría ósea,bone densitometry,elementos finitos,X-ray,bone strength,finite elements,radiografía

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