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      Development of Ionic Liquid Modified Disposable Graphite Electrodes for Label-Free Electrochemical Detection of DNA Hybridization Related to Microcystis spp.

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          Abstract

          In this present study, ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (IL)) modified pencil graphite electrode (IL-PGEs) was developed for electrochemical monitoring of DNA hybridization related to Microcystis spp. (MYC). The characterization of IL-PGEs was performed using microscopic and electrochemical techniques. DNA hybridization related to MYC was then explored at the surface of IL-PGEs using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique. After the experimental parameters were optimized, the sequence-selective DNA hybridization related to MYC was performed in the case of hybridization between MYC probe and its complementary DNA target, noncomplementary (NC) or mismatched DNA sequence (MM), or and in the presence of mixture of DNA target: NC (1:1) and DNA target: MM (1:1).

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          Molecular Mechanisms of Microcystin Toxicity in Animal Cells

          Alexandre Campos, Vitor Vasconcelos (2010)
          Microcystins (MC) are potent hepatotoxins produced by the cyanobacteria of the genera Planktothrix, Microcystis, Aphanizomenon, Nostoc and Anabaena. These cyclic heptapeptides have strong affinity to serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PPs) thereby acting as an inhibitor of this group of enzymes. Through this interaction a cascade of events responsible for the MC cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in animal cells may take place. Moreover MC induces oxidative stress in animal cells and together with the inhibition of PPs, this pathway is considered to be one of the main mechanisms of MC toxicity. In recent years new insights on the key enzymes involved in the signal-transduction and toxicity have been reported demonstrating the complexity of the interaction of these toxins with animal cells. Key proteins involved in MC up-take, biotransformation and excretion have been identified, demonstrating the ability of aquatic animals to metabolize and excrete the toxin. MC have shown to interact with the mitochondria. The consequences are the dysfunction of the organelle, induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell apoptosis. MC activity leads to the differential expression/activity of transcriptional factors and protein kinases involved in the pathways of cellular differentiation, proliferation and tumor promotion activity. This activity may result from the direct inhibition of the protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A. This review aims to summarize the increasing data regarding the molecular mechanisms of MC toxicity in animal systems, reporting for direct MC interacting proteins and key enzymes in the process of toxicity biotransformation/excretion of these cyclic peptides.
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            Applications of ionic liquids in electrochemical sensors.

            Di Wei, Ari Ivaska (2008)
            Ionic liquids (ILs) are molten salts with the melting point close to or below room temperature. They are composed of two asymmetrical ions of opposite charges that only loosely fit together (usually bulky organic cations and smaller anions). The good solvating properties, high conductivity, non-volatility, low toxicity, large electrochemical window (i.e. the electrochemical potential range over which the electrolyte is neither reduced nor oxidized on electrodes) and good electrochemical stability, make ILs suitable for many applications. Recently, novel ion selective sensors, gas sensors and biosensors based on ILs have been developed. IL gels were found to have good biocompatibility with enzymes, proteins and even living cells. Besides a brief discussion of the properties of ILs and their general applications based on these properties, this review focuses on the application of ILs in electroanalytical sensors.
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              Electrochemistry of nucleic acids.

              Emil Palecek, Martin Bartošík (2012)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Kagan Kerman: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): sensors
                Title: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8220
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 September 2015
                Publication date Collection: September 2015
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 9
                Pages: 22737-22749
                Affiliations
                Faculty of Pharmacy, Analytical Chemistry department, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; E-Mails: ceren.sengiz@ 123456gmail.com (C.S.); gulsah.congur@ 123456gmail.com (G.C.)
                Author notes
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: arzum.erdem@ 123456ege.edu.tr or arzume@ 123456hotmail.com ; Tel.: +90-232-3115131; Fax: +90-232-3885258.
                Article
                Publisher ID: sensors-15-22737
                DOI: 10.3390/s150922737
                PMC ID: 4610473
                PubMed ID: 26371004
                SO-VID: 524836e2-8fa2-47bc-b610-30ab58cb6446
                Copyright © © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 19 June 2015
                Date accepted : 31 August 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: ionic liquid,nucleic acid hybridization,microcystis spp.,electrochemical dna biosensor,pencil graphite electrode
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: ionic liquid, nucleic acid hybridization, microcystis spp., electrochemical dna biosensor, pencil graphite electrode

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