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      Effect of low dose of intrathecal pethidine on the incidence and intensity of shivering during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Shivering is among the unpleasant and potentially harmful side effects of spinal anesthesia. The aim of this randomized double-blind clinical trial was to compare the antishivering effect of two different doses of intrathecal pethidine on the incidence and intensity of shivering and other side effects in patients who underwent cesarean section.

          Methods

          In this study, 150 parturient females scheduled for nonemergent cesarean section were randomly allocated to three groups. Spinal anesthesia was performed with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (12.5 mg), plus 0.5 mL of 0.9% saline in the standard group (S group), and the same dose of bupivacaine with 5 mg (P5 group) or 10 mg of pethidine (P10 group). Demographic and surgical data, incidence and intensity of shivering (primary outcome), hemodynamic indices, forehead and core temperatures, maximum sensory level, Apgar scores, and adverse events were evaluated by a blinded observer.

          Results

          There were no significant differences between the three study groups regarding the demographic and surgical data, hemodynamic indices, core temperatures, and maximum sensory level ( P>0.05). The incidence and intensity of shivering were significantly less in the P5 and P10 groups ( P<0.001) when compared with the S group. There were no significant differences between groups for secondary outcomes, except pruritus, which was more common in the P5 and P10 groups when compared with the S group ( P=0.01).

          Conclusion

          Low dose of intrathecal pethidine is safe, and can decrease the incidence and intensity of shivering during cesarean section, without having major side effects.

          Most cited references21

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          Perioperative shivering: physiology and pharmacology.

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            A comparison of neuraxial block versus general anesthesia for elective total hip replacement: a meta-analysis.

            A recent meta-analysis showed that compared with general anesthesia (GA), neuraxial block reduced many serious complications in patients undergoing various types of surgeries. It is not known whether this finding from studying heterogeneous patient groups is applicable to a particular surgical patient population. We performed the present meta-analysis to determine whether anesthesia choice affected the outcome after elective total hip replacement (THR). Medline (1966 to August 2005), MD Consult (1966 to August 2005), BIOSIS (1969 to August 2005), and EMBASE (1969 to August 2005) databases were searched. Randomized and quasi randomized studies comparing GA and neuraxial (spinal or epidural) block for elective THR were included in this analysis. Ten independent trials, involving 330 patients under GA and 348 patients under neuraxial block, were identified and analyzed. Pooled results from five trials showed that neuraxial block significantly decreased the incidence of radiographically diagnosed deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. The odds ratio (OR) for deep venous thrombosis was 0.27 with 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17-0.42. The OR for pulmonary embolism was 0.26 with 95% CI 0.12-0.56. Neuraxial block also decreased the operative time by 7.1 min/case (95% CI 2.3-11.9 min) and intraoperative blood loss by 275 mL/case (95% CI 180-371 mL). Data from three trials showed that patients under neuraxial block for THR were less likely to require blood transfusion than were patients under GA (21/177 = 12% vs 62/188 = 33% of patients transfused, P < 0.001 by z-test). The OR for this comparison was 0.26. However, the CIs were wide and compatible with both no effect and a nine-tenths reduction (95% CI 0.06-1.05). Patients undergoing elective THR under neuraxial anesthesia seem to have better outcomes than those under GA.
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              Shivering and neuraxial anesthesia.

              Shivering, which usually occurs as a thermoregulatory response to cold, may also occur following general or neuraxial anesthesia. Some of the causative factors of this type of shivering may be common to both, but some are particular to neuraxial anesthesia. Although shivering may have beneficial thermoregulatory effects, it places the body under increased physiological stress. In a broad sample of 21 studies, the median incidence of shivering related to neuraxial anesthesia in the control groups was 55%. Both pharmacological and nonpharmacological mechanisms have been found to be effective in reducing this shivering. This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms of the shivering that occurs during neuraxial anesthesia, and to examine strategies for prevention and treatment of this shivering.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Drug Des Devel Ther
                Drug Des Devel Ther
                Drug Design, Development and Therapy
                Drug Design, Development and Therapy
                Dove Medical Press
                1177-8881
                2016
                20 September 2016
                : 10
                : 3005-3012
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran;
                [2 ]Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran;
                [3 ]Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran;
                [4 ]Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran;
                [5 ]Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Karim Nasseri, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Pasdaran Street, 6617713446, Sanandaj, Iran, Tel +98 87 3366 0733, Fax +98 871 3323 3600, Email Nasseri_k@ 123456muk.ac.ir
                Article
                dddt-10-3005
                10.2147/DDDT.S115201
                5036596
                27703328
                524c3917-4953-4c6e-9207-54e39ee7f0e5
                © 2016 Shami et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

                The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

                History
                Categories
                Clinical Trial Report

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                shivering,cesarean section,intrathecal pethidine,prevention,nausea,vomiting

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