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      Shipping and the Spread of Infectious Salmon Anemia in Scottish Aquaculture

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          Abstract

          Long-distance transport of pathogens plays a critical role in the emergence of novel diseases. Shipping is a major contributor to such transport, and the role of ships in spreading disease has been recognized for centuries. However, statistical confirmation of pathogen spread by shipping is usually impractical. We present evidence of invasive spread of infectious salmon anemia in the salmon farms of Scotland and demonstrate a link between vessel visits and farm contamination. The link is associated with vessels moving fish between sites and transporting harvest, but not with vessels delivering food or involved in other work.

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          Global spread of microorganisms by ships.

          C. A. M. A. Huq, Fred C Dobbs, T Mullady … (2000)
          Article 0 comments Cited 107 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Calicivirus emergence from ocean reservoirs: zoonotic and interspecies movements.

            A. W. Smith, D. E. Skilling, N. Cherry … (1998)
            Caliciviral infections in humans, among the most common causes of viral-induced vomiting and diarrhea, are caused by the Norwalk group of small round structured viruses, the Sapporo caliciviruses, and the hepatitis E agent. Human caliciviruses have been resistant to in vitro cultivation, and direct study of their origins and reservoirs outside infected humans or water and foods (such as shellfish contaminated with human sewage) has been difficult. Modes of transmission, other than direct fecal-oral routes, are not well understood. In contrast, animal viruses found in ocean reservoirs, which make up a second calicivirus group, can be cultivated in vitro. These viruses can emerge and infect terrestrial hosts, including humans. This article reviews the history of animal caliciviruses, their eventual recognition as zoonotic agents, and their potential usefulness as a predictive model for noncultivatable human and other animal caliciviruses (e.g., those seen in association with rabbit hemorrhagic disease).
            Article 0 comments Cited 34 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Genomic characterization of the virus causing infectious salmon anemia in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): an orthomyxo-like virus in a teleost.

              S Mjaaland, E Rimstad, B Dannevig … (1997)
              The genome of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV), which infects farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), is characterized here. The virus has an RNA genome, as shown by using specific DNA virus metabolic inhibitors and radioactive in vivo labeling of ISAV nucleic acid. Electrophoresis of [14C]uridine-labeled ISAV RNA revealed that the ISAV genome is segmented. The genome consists of eight segments that range from 1.0 to 2.3 kb, with a total molecular size of approximately 14.5 kb. One ISAV-specific molecular clone, corresponding to the smallest genome segment, was obtained by cDNA cloning of mRNA from an ISAV-infected cell culture. This clone gave a positive hybridization signal on Northern blots of pelleted ISAV. Pretreatment of the ISAV pellet with RNase A resulted in the disappearance of the positive hybridization signal, demonstrating that the genome is single stranded. Reverse transcriptase PCR with primers corresponding to sequences from the molecular clone and target RNA from ISAV-infected and noninfected fish tissues gave specific positive reactions. Alignments of the nucleotide sequence of the molecular clone did not reveal significant homology with any other available sequence in databases. However, the data presented here, together with morphological and replicational properties previously described, indicate that ISAV has a strong resemblance to members of the Orthomyxoviridae family. This is the first thoroughly characterized orthomyxo-like virus isolated from a teleost.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): January 2002
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 1-5
                Affiliations
                [* ]Fisheries Research Services Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
                [† ]University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Alexander Murray, FRS Marine Laboratory, P.O. Box 101, Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, Scotland, United Kingdom; fax: 44-1224-295-620; e-mail: murrays@ 123456marlab.ac.uk
                Article
                Publisher ID: 01-0144
                DOI: 10.3201/eid0801.010144
                PMC ID: 2730283
                PubMed ID: 11749740
                SO-VID: 525d0696-a4f5-45b5-9b47-b7edc9972661
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Perspective

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: infectious salmon anemia virus,scotland,ships,epizootic,aquaculture
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: infectious salmon anemia virus, scotland, ships, epizootic, aquaculture

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