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      Pesticides and their metabolites in selected Italian groundwater and surface water used for drinking Translated title: Pesticidi e loro metaboliti in campioni di acque sotterranee e superficiali italiane utilizzate a scopo potabile

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          Abstract

          The control of groundwater and surface water quality in relation to the presence of pesticides and their metabolites is a rather complicated task. National and local authorities with the responsibility to guarantee an adequate quality of water cannot rely on international guidelines for monitoring activities. In a national project, forty-three pesticides and pesticide metabolites were selected on the basis of sale, monitoring and physical-chemical data, and investigated from some of the main Italian agricultural areas, susceptible to pesticide contamination. Twelve compounds were found in the tested water samples at levels exceeding the 0.1 µg/L European Union (EU) limit for drinking water (European Directive 98/83/EC). Maximum levels up to 0.62 were determined. Several water samples were characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of pesticides and their metabolites (up to ten). In some samples, the total concentration of pesticides and their metabolites was higher than the EU limit of 0.5 µg/L. Total triazine concentrations up to 1.02 µg/L were found. In all the cases the highest concentrations were well below the respective guideline values defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water quality.

          Translated abstract

          Il controllo della qualità delle acque in relazione alla presenza di pesticidi e loro metaboliti è un argomento piuttosto complicato. Le autorità nazionali e locali hanno la responsabilità di garantire il controllo delle acque destinate al consumo umano che devono far riferimento alle linee guida internazionali in materia di attività di monitoraggio. In un progetto nazionale, 43 pesticidi e loro metaboliti sono stati selezionati sulla base di dati di vendita, monitoraggio e caratteristiche fisico-chimiche, e successivamente ricercati in alcune delle principali aree ad elevata vocazione agricola suscettibili di possibile contaminazione. Dodici sostanze sono state ritrovate a livelli superiori al limite di 0,1 µg/L stabilito dall'Unione Europea (EU), fino ad un massimo di 0,62 µg/L (Direttiva Europea 98/83/EC). Numerosi campioni d'acqua sono risultati caratterizzati dalla simultanea presenza di diversi pesticidi e loro metaboliti, fino a 10 per campione. In alcuni casi la concentrazione totale di pesticidi è risultata superiore al limite definito dall'EU di 0,5 µg/L. Le triazine sono state determinate fino ad una concentrazione totale di 1,02 µg/L. In tutti i campioni analizzati la concentrazione dei pesticidi trovati era sempre inferiore ai valori guida definiti dall'Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità (OMS) per la qualità delle acque destinate al consumo umano.

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          Most cited references45

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          Groundwater ubiquity score: A simple method for assessing pesticide leachability

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            Pesticides in Portuguese surface and ground waters.

            Pesticides used in Portuguese agricultural areas have been found in surface and ground waters. In the surface water collected in three river basins from 1983 to 1999, insecticides and herbicides were detected from the monitored pesticides, particularly atrazine, chlorfenvinphos (Z+E), alpha- and beta-endosulfan, lindane, molinate and simazine, reaching the maximum values, respectively, of 0.63, 31.6, 0.18 microg/L (alpha-endosulfan), 0.18 microg/L (beta-endosulfan), 0.24, 48 and 0.3 microg/L. In the ground water collected from the wells of seven agricultural areas from 1991 to 1998, several monitored herbicides were detected: alachlor, atrazine, metolachlor, metribuzine and simazine, reaching the maximum concentration values of 13, 30, 56, 1.4 and 0.4 microg/L, respectively. The herbicides more frequently detected were atrazine (64%), simazine (45%) and alachlor (25%). Other than these, the monitored pesticides can be present in Portuguese surface and ground waters. Therefore, to improve the analytical conditions, the use of multiresidue methods and automated techniques are desirable in future work.
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              VOCs, pesticides, nitrate, and their mixtures in groundwater used for drinking water in the United States.

              Samples of untreated groundwater from 1255 domestic drinking-water wells and 242 public supply wells were analyzed as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey between 1992 and 1999. Wells were sampled to define the regional quality of the groundwater resource and, thus, were distributed geographically across large aquifers, primarily in rural areas. For each sample, as many as 60 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 83 pesticides, and nitrate were analyzed. On the basis of previous studies, nitrate concentrations as nitrogen > or = 3 mg/L were considered to have an anthropogenic origin. VOCs were detected more frequently (44%) than pesticides (38%) or anthropogenic nitrate (28%). Seventy percent of the samples contained at least one VOC, pesticide, or anthropogenic nitrate; 47% contained at least two compounds; and 33% contained at least three compounds. The combined concentrations of VOCs and pesticides ranged from about 0.001 to 100 microg/L, with a median of 0.02 microg/L. Water from about 12% of the wells contained one or more compounds that exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards or human health criteria, primarily because of nitrate concentrations exceeding the maximum contaminant level in domestic wells. A mixture is defined as a unique combination of two or more particular compounds, regardless of the presence of other compounds that may occur in the same sample. There were 100 mixtures (significantly associated with agricultural land use) that had a detection frequency between 2% and 19%. There were 302 mixtures (significantly associated with urban land use) that had a detection frequency between 1% and <2%. Only 14 compounds (seven VOCs, six pesticides, and nitrate) contributed over 95% of the detections in these 402 mixtures; however, most samples with these mixtures also contain a variety of other compounds.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                aiss
                Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità
                Ann. Ist. Super. Sanità
                Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Roma )
                0021-2571
                2010
                : 46
                : 3
                : 309-316
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Istituto Superiore di Sanità Italy
                [2 ] SIAN AUSL 3 Italy
                [3 ] Assessorato alla Sanità Italy
                [4 ] Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente Italy
                [5 ] ARPA DAP Catania Italy
                [6 ] ARPA Toscana Italy
                [7 ] Coordinamento Sanità Italy
                [8 ] ARPA Piemonte Italy
                [9 ] ARPA Umbria Italy
                [10 ] ARPA Veneto Italy
                [11 ] ARPA Lombardia Italy
                Article
                S0021-25712010000300015
                5272b53b-b7f0-4dec-9025-9cb4532d07f7

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0021-2571&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Care Sciences & Services

                Health & Social care
                pesticides,pesticide metabolites,ground water quality,pesticidi,metaboliti,qualità delle acque

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