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      Estudios de asociación de genoma completo (GWAS) versus validación funcional: reto de la era post-GWAS Translated title: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) vs functional validation: the challenge of the post-GWAS era

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          Abstract

          Resumen En los últimos años se han dedicado muchos esfuerzos a la determinación de variantes y genes que pueden ser importantes en la determinaación de la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) y, a su vez, en diversas patologías óseas. Para conseguir esto, la aproximación que ha presentado mayores éxitos ha sido la de los estudios de asociación de genoma completo (GWAS). En particular, en la investigación sobre la biología ósea, se han publicado más de 50 grandes GWAS o metaanálisis de GWAS identificando más de 500 loci genéticos asociados con diferentes parámetros óseos como son la DMO, la resistencia ósea y el riesgo de fractura. Si bien el descubrimiento de las variantes asociadas es un aspecto esencial, es igualmente importante la validación funcional de dichas variantes para dilucidar su efecto y la relación causal que tienen con la enfermedad genética. Al tratarse de un aspecto mucho más lento y tedioso, se ha convertido en el nuevo reto de esta era post-GWAS. Entre los genes que ya se han abordado se incluyen varios de la vía de WNT y en especial el gen SOST, que juega un papel muy importante tanto en la determinación de la DMO poblacional como en enfermedades monogénicas con elevada masa ósea y que ha dado lugar a un nuevo tratamiento contra la osteoporosis. En esta revisión recogemos los principales estudios GWAS con relación a fenotipos del hueso, así como algunos ejemplos de validaciones funcionales para analizar las asociaciones encontradas en los mismos.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Over the past few years, efforts have been made to determine the variants and genes that may be important to determine bone mineral density (BMD) that, at the same time, are involved in several bone diseases. To achieve this, the approach that has been the most successful of all has been genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In particular, in research on bone biology over 50 different large GWAS or GWAS metanalyses have been published identifying a total of 500 genetic loci associated with different bone parameters such as BMD, bone resistance, and risk of fracture. Although the discovery of associated variants is an essential aspect, the functional validation of such variants is equally important to elucidate their effect, as well as the causal correlation they have with genetic disease. Since it is a much more time consuming and tedious aspect it has become the new challenge of this post-GWAS era. Among the genes that have already been studied several Wnt signaling pathway genes have been included, among them, the SOST gene that plays a crucial role both determining the BMD of the population and monogenic diseases with elevated bone mass giving rise to a new therapy against osteoporosis. In this review we’ll be collecting the main GWAS associated with bone phenotypes, as well as some functional validations undertaken to analyze the associations found in them.

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          Most cited references91

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          The NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog of published genome-wide association studies, targeted arrays and summary statistics 2019

          Abstract The GWAS Catalog delivers a high-quality curated collection of all published genome-wide association studies enabling investigations to identify causal variants, understand disease mechanisms, and establish targets for novel therapies. The scope of the Catalog has also expanded to targeted and exome arrays with 1000 new associations added for these technologies. As of September 2018, the Catalog contains 5687 GWAS comprising 71673 variant-trait associations from 3567 publications. New content includes 284 full P-value summary statistics datasets for genome-wide and new targeted array studies, representing 6 × 109 individual variant-trait statistics. In the last 12 months, the Catalog's user interface was accessed by ∼90000 unique users who viewed >1 million pages. We have improved data access with the release of a new RESTful API to support high-throughput programmatic access, an improved web interface and a new summary statistics database. Summary statistics provision is supported by a new format proposed as a community standard for summary statistics data representation. This format was derived from our experience in standardizing heterogeneous submissions, mapping formats and in harmonizing content. Availability: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/.
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            10 Years of GWAS Discovery: Biology, Function, and Translation.

            Application of the experimental design of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) is now 10 years old (young), and here we review the remarkable range of discoveries it has facilitated in population and complex-trait genetics, the biology of diseases, and translation toward new therapeutics. We predict the likely discoveries in the next 10 years, when GWASs will be based on millions of samples with array data imputed to a large fully sequenced reference panel and on hundreds of thousands of samples with whole-genome sequencing data.
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              Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for height and body mass index in ∼700000 individuals of European ancestry

              Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of height and body mass index (BMI) in ∼250000 European participants have led to the discovery of ∼700 and ∼100 nearly independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with these traits, respectively. Here we combine summary statistics from those two studies with GWAS of height and BMI performed in ∼450000 UK Biobank participants of European ancestry. Overall, our combined GWAS meta-analysis reaches N ∼700000 individuals and substantially increases the number of GWAS signals associated with these traits. We identified 3290 and 941 near-independent SNPs associated with height and BMI, respectively (at a revised genome-wide significance threshold of P < 1 × 10-8), including 1185 height-associated SNPs and 751 BMI-associated SNPs located within loci not previously identified by these two GWAS. The near-independent genome-wide significant SNPs explain ∼24.6% of the variance of height and ∼6.0% of the variance of BMI in an independent sample from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Correlations between polygenic scores based upon these SNPs with actual height and BMI in HRS participants were ∼0.44 and ∼0.22, respectively. From analyses of integrating GWAS and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data by summary-data-based Mendelian randomization, we identified an enrichment of eQTLs among lead height and BMI signals, prioritizing 610 and 138 genes, respectively. Our study demonstrates that, as previously predicted, increasing GWAS sample sizes continues to deliver, by the discovery of new loci, increasing prediction accuracy and providing additional data to achieve deeper insight into complex trait biology. All summary statistics are made available for follow-up studies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                romm
                Revista de Osteoporosis y Metabolismo Mineral
                Rev Osteoporos Metab Miner
                Sociedad Española de Investigaciones Óseas y Metabolismo Mineral (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1889-836X
                2173-2345
                March 2023
                : 15
                : 1
                : 29-39
                Affiliations
                [1] Barcelona Cataluña orgnameUniversitat de Barcelona orgdiv1Facultad de Biología orgdiv2Departamento de Genética, Microbiología y Estadística Spain
                Article
                S1889-836X2023000100005 S1889-836X(23)01500100005
                10.20960/revosteoporosmetabminer.000008
                52744447-8860-46eb-aafa-0838b6eb7a37

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 July 2022
                : 22 December 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 91, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisión

                Patologías óseas,Genome-wide association studies,Functional validation,Bone mineral density,Bone diseases,Estudio de asociación de genoma completo,Validación funcional,Densidad mineral ósea

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