23
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Predominant location of coronary artery atherosclerosis in the left anterior descending artery. The impact of septal perforators and the myocardial bridging effect

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Introduction

          Coronary artery atherosclerosis presents characteristic patterns of plaque distribution despite systemic exposure to risk factors. We hypothesized that local hemodynamic forces induced by the systolic compression of intramuscular septal perforators could be involved in atherosclerotic processes in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) adjacent to the septal perforators’ origin. Therefore we studied the spatial distribution of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries, especially in relation to the septal perforators’ origin.

          Material and methods

          64-slice computed tomography angiography was performed in 309 consecutive patients (92 male and 217 female) with a mean age of 59.9 years. Spatial plaque distribution in the LAD was analyzed in relation to the septal perforators’ origin. Additionally, plaque distribution throughout the coronary artery tree is discussed.

          Results

          The coronary calcium score (CCS) was positive in 164 patients (53.1%). In subjects with a CCS > 0, calcifications were more frequent in the LAD ( n = 150, 91.5%) compared with the right coronary artery (RCA) ( n = 94, 57.3%), circumflex branch (CX) ( n = 76, 46.3%) or the left main stem ( n = 42, 25.6%) ( p < 0.001). Total CCS was higher in the LAD at 46.1 (IQR: 104.2) and RCA at 34.1 (IQR: 90.7) than in the CX at 16.8 (IQR: 61.3) ( p = 0.007). In patients with calcifications restricted to a single vessel ( n = 54), the most frequently affected artery was the LAD ( n = 42, 77.8%). In patients with lesions limited to the LAD, the plaque was located mostly ( n = 37, 88.1%) adjacent to the septal perforators’ origin.

          Conclusions

          We demonstrated that coronary calcifications are most frequently located in the LAD in proximity to the septal branch origin. A possible explanation for this phenomenon could be the dynamic compression of the tunneled septal branches, which may result in disturbed blood flow in the adjacent LAD segment (milking effect).

          Translated abstract

          Wstęp

          Miażdżyca tętnic wieńcowych objawia się charakterystycznym wzorem dystrybucji blaszki miażdżycowej pomimo ogólnoustrojowego narażenia na czynniki ryzyka. Autorzy przedstawiają hipotezę, że miejscowe siły hemodynamiczne wywołane przez skurczowy ucisk wewnątrzmięśniowych perforatorów przegrody mogą mieć udział w procesach miażdżycowych w gałęzi międzykomorowej przedniej lewej tętnicy wieńcowej ( left anterior descending – LAD) w sąsiedztwie odejścia tętnic przegrodowych.

          Materiał i metody

          Badanie angiograficzne za pomocą 64-rzędowej tomografii komputerowej przeprowadzono u 309 kolejnych pacjentów (92 mężczyzn i 217 kobiet), średnia wieku 59,9 roku. Przestrzenną dystrybucję blaszki w gałęzi LAD przeanalizowano w odniesieniu do miejsca odejścia gałęzi przegrodowych. Omówiono dystrybucję blaszki w całym układzie tętnic wieńcowych.

          Wyniki

          Dodatni wynik wskaźnika uwapnienia tętnic wieńcowych ( coronary calcium score – CCS) odnotowano u 164 (53,1%) pacjentów. U pacjentów z CCS > 0 zwapnienia były częstsze w gałęzi LAD ( n = 150, 91,5%) w porównaniu z prawą tętnicą wieńcową (RCA) ( n = 94, 57,3%), gałęzią okalającą (CX) ( n = 76, 46,3%) czy pniem lewej tętnicy wieńcowej ( n = 42, 25,6%). Całkowity CCS był wyższy w gałęziach LAD – 46,1 (IQR: 104,2) i RCA – 34,1 (IQR: 90,7) niż w gałęzi CX – 16,8 (IQR: 61,3). U pacjentów, u których zwapnienie występowało tylko w jednym naczyniu ( n = 54), zmieniona patologicznie była najczęściej gałąź LAD ( n = 42, 77,8%). U pacjentów ze zmianami ograniczonymi jedynie do LAD blaszka była najczęściej umiejscowiona ( n = 37, 88,1%) w sąsiedztwie odejścia tętnic przegrodowych.

          Wnioski

          Zwapnienia wieńcowe występują najczęściej w gałęzi międzykomorowej przedniej LAD w pobliżu odejścia gałęzi przegrodowej. Wyjaśnieniem tego zjawiska może być dynamiczny ucisk wewnątrzmięśniowych tętnic przegrodowych, który może powodować zaburzenia przepływu w sąsiadującym segmencie gałęzi LAD.

          Related collections

          Most cited references47

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          The role of shear stress in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

          Although the pathobiology of atherosclerosis is a complex multifactorial process, blood flow-induced shear stress has emerged as an essential feature of atherogenesis. This fluid drag force acting on the vessel wall is mechanotransduced into a biochemical signal that results in changes in vascular behavior. Maintenance of a physiologic, laminar shear stress is known to be crucial for normal vascular functioning, which includes the regulation of vascular caliber as well as inhibition of proliferation, thrombosis and inflammation of the vessel wall. Thus, shear stress is atheroprotective. It is also recognized that disturbed or oscillatory flows near arterial bifurcations, branch ostia and curvatures are associated with atheroma formation. Additionally, vascular endothelium has been shown to have different behavioral responses to altered flow patterns both at the molecular and cellular levels and these reactions are proposed to promote atherosclerosis in synergy with other well-defined systemic risk factors. Nonlaminar flow promotes changes to endothelial gene expression, cytoskeletal arrangement, wound repair, leukocyte adhesion as well as to the vasoreactive, oxidative and inflammatory states of the artery wall. Disturbed shear stress also influences the site selectivity of atherosclerotic plaque formation as well as its associated vessel wall remodeling, which can affect plaque vulnerability, stent restenosis and smooth muscle cell intimal hyperplasia in venous bypass grafts. Thus, shear stress is critically important in regulating the atheroprotective, normal physiology as well as the pathobiology and dysfunction of the vessel wall through complex molecular mechanisms that promote atherogenesis.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Anatomic properties of myocardial bridge predisposing to myocardial infarction.

            A myocardial bridge (MB) that partially covers the course of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) sometimes causes myocardial ischemia, primarily because of hemodynamic deterioration, but without atherosclerosis. However, the mechanism of occurrence of myocardial infarction (MI) as a result of an MB in patients with spontaneously developing atherosclerosis is unclear.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              The effects of a myocardial bridge on coronary atherosclerosis and ischaemia.

              The term myocardial bridge (MB) describes the surprisingly common situation in which part of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), running in epicardial adipose tissue, is covered by a bridge of myocardial tissue. The presence of an MB may influence arterial tissue through the alteration of haemodynamic forces by the myocardial contraction of the bridge itself. Histopathologically and ultrastructurally, any manifestations of atherosclerosis elsewhere in the LAD are suppressed in the intima beneath the MB. By scanning electron microscopy, abrupt changes in endothelial cell morphology indicate that the intima beneath the bridge is protected by haemodynamic factors. Furthermore, the closer the bridge to the left coronary ostium, the greater the extent of proximal intimal thickening. In parallel with this, considering the occurrence of myocardial infarction in cases of proximal MB together with previous reports on relationships between MB and coronary ischaemia, it appears that anatomical characteristics such as the location, length, and thickness of the MB have a bearing on the effects of this abnormality. When the pathologist examines the heart at autopsy, this quite common condition should be borne in mind, in view of its potential but complex relationship to atherosclerosis and ischaemic heart disease.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Kardiochir Torakochirurgia Pol
                Kardiochir Torakochirurgia Pol
                KITP
                Kardiochirurgia i Torakochirurgia Polska = Polish Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
                Termedia Publishing House
                1731-5530
                1897-4252
                30 December 2015
                December 2015
                : 12
                : 4
                : 379-385
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Third Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, School of Medicine with Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Poland
                [2 ]Department of Radiology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, School of Medicine with Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Poland
                [3 ]Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, England
                [4 ]Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Medical University of Silesia, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases in Zabrze, Poland
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Jolanta Myga-Porosiło, MD, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, School of Medicine with Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, 13-15 3 Maja St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland. phone: +48 502 315 750. e-mail: jmyga@ 123456interia.pl
                Article
                26552
                10.5114/kitp.2015.56795
                4735546
                26855661
                52d0878d-8516-4814-81fa-277acb13451f
                Copyright © 2015 Polish Society of Cardiothoracic Surgeons (Polskie Towarzystwo KardioTorakochirurgów) and the editors of the Polish Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (Kardiochirurgia i Torakochirurgia Polska)

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License, allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.

                History
                : 24 November 2015
                : 07 December 2015
                Categories
                Original Paper

                atherosclerosis,coronary arteries,computed tomography angiography

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content164

                Cited by10

                Most referenced authors480