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      Glutathione: Antioxidant Properties Dedicated to Nanotechnologies

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          Abstract

          Which scientist has never heard of glutathione (GSH)? This well-known low-molecular-weight tripeptide is perhaps the most famous natural antioxidant. However, the interest in GSH should not be restricted to its redox properties. This multidisciplinary review aims to bring out some lesser-known aspects of GSH, for example, as an emerging tool in nanotechnologies to achieve targeted drug delivery. After recalling the biochemistry of GSH, including its metabolism pathways and redox properties, its involvement in cellular redox homeostasis and signaling is described. Analytical methods for the dosage and localization of GSH or glutathiolated proteins are also covered. Finally, the various therapeutic strategies to replenish GSH stocks are discussed, in parallel with its use as an addressing molecule in drug delivery.

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          Glutathione: overview of its protective roles, measurement, and biosynthesis.

          Henry Forman, Hongqiao Zhang, Alessandra Rinna (2008)
          This review is the introduction to a special issue concerning, glutathione (GSH), the most abundant low molecular weight thiol compound synthesized in cells. GSH plays critical roles in protecting cells from oxidative damage and the toxicity of xenobiotic electrophiles, and maintaining redox homeostasis. Here, the functions and GSH and the sources of oxidants and electrophiles, the elimination of oxidants by reduction and electrophiles by conjugation with GSH are briefly described. Methods of assessing GSH status in the cells are also described. GSH synthesis and its regulation are addressed along with therapeutic approaches for manipulating GSH content that have been proposed. The purpose here is to provide a brief overview of some of the important aspects of glutathione metabolism as part of this special issue that will provide a more comprehensive review of the state of knowledge regarding this essential molecule.
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            Enzymic method for quantitative determination of nanogram amounts of total and oxidized glutathione: Applications to mammalian blood and other tissues

            Frank Tietze (1969)
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              TNF-mediated inflammatory disease.

              JR Bradley (2008)
              TNF was originally described as a circulating factor that can cause necrosis of tumours, but has since been identified as a key regulator of the inflammatory response. This review describes the known signalling pathways and cell biological effects of TNF, and our understanding of the role of TNF in human disease. TNF interacts with two different receptors, designated TNFR1 and TNFR2, which are differentially expressed on cells and tissues and initiate both distinct and overlapping signal transduction pathways. These diverse signalling cascades lead to a range of cellular responses, which include cell death, survival, differentiation, proliferation and migration. Vascular endothelial cells respond to TNF by undergoing a number of pro-inflammatory changes, which increase leukocyte adhesion, transendothelial migration and vascular leak and promote thrombosis. The central role of TNF in inflammation has been demonstrated by the ability of agents that block the action of TNF to treat a range of inflammatory conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis. The increased incidence of infection in patients receiving anti-TNF treatment has highlighted the physiological role of TNF in infectious diseases. 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Antioxidants (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Antioxidants (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): antioxidants
                Title: Antioxidants
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2076-3921
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 April 2018
                Publication date Collection: May 2018
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: 62
                Affiliations
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: caroline.gaucher@ 123456univ-lorraine.fr ; Tel.: +33-3-7274-7349
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0886-5522
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7447-9806
                Article
                Publisher ID: antioxidants-07-00062
                DOI: 10.3390/antiox7050062
                PMC ID: 5981248
                PubMed ID: 29702624
                SO-VID: 52e6282d-fdf5-4917-99dd-8fa72c5cce9d
                Copyright © © 2018 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 28 March 2018
                Date accepted : 25 April 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: glutathione,antioxidant,redox signaling,nanotechnologies,repletion,targeted drug delivery
                Data availability:
                Keywords: glutathione, antioxidant, redox signaling, nanotechnologies, repletion, targeted drug delivery

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