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      Linking population‐level and microevolutionary processes to understand speciation dynamics at the macroevolutionary scale

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          Abstract

          Although speciation dynamics have been described for several taxonomic groups in distinct geographic regions, most macroevolutionary studies still lack a detailed mechanistic view on how or why speciation rates change. To help partially fill this gap, we suggest that the interaction between the time taken by a species to geographically expand and the time populations take to evolve reproductive isolation should be considered when we are trying to understand macroevolutionary patterns. We introduce a simple conceptual index to guide our discussion on how demographic and microevolutionary processes might produce speciation dynamics at macroevolutionary scales. Our framework is developed under different scenarios: when speciation is mediated by geographical or resource‐partitioning opportunities, and when diversity is limited or not. We also discuss how organismal intrinsic properties and different overall geographical settings can influence the tempo and mode of speciation. We argue that specific conditions observed at the microscale might produce a pulse in speciation rates even without a pulse in either climate or physical barriers. We also propose a hypothesis to reconcile the apparent inconsistency between speciation measured at the microscale and macroscale, and emphasize that diversification rates are better seen as an emergent property. We hope to bring the reader's attention to interesting mechanisms to be further studied, to motivate the development of new theoretical models that connect microevolution and macroevolution, and to inspire new empirical and methodological approaches to more adequately investigate speciation dynamics either using neontological or paleontological data.

          Abstract

          The interaction between the time taken by a species to geographically expand and the time populations take to evolve reproductive isolation should be considered when we are trying to understand macroevolutionary patterns. We introduce a simple conceptual index to guide our discussion on how demographic and microevolutionary processes might produce speciation dynamics at macroevolutionary scales.

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          Most cited references143

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          Phylogenies and the Comparative Method

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            Ecological Speciation

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              A factor analytic description of the Phanerozoic marine fossil record

              Data on numbers of marine families within 91 metazoan classes known from the Phanerozoic fossil record are analyzed. The distribution of the 2800 fossil families among the classes is very uneven, with most belonging to a small minority of classes. Similarly, the stratigraphic distribution of the classes is very uneven, with most first appearing early in the Paleozoic and with many of the smaller classes becoming extinct before the end of that era. However, despite this unevenness, aQ-mode factor analysis indicates that the structure of these data is rather simple. Only three factors are needed to account for more than 90% of the data. These factors are interpreted as reflecting the three great “evolutionary faunas” of the Phanerozoic marine record: a trilobite-dominated Cambrian fauna, a brachiopod-dominated later Paleozoic fauna, and a mollusc-dominated Mesozoic-Cenozoic, or “modern,” fauna. Lesser factors relate to slow taxonomic turnover within the major faunas through time and to unique aspects of particular taxa and times.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                alencarlrv@gmail.com
                Journal
                Ecol Evol
                Ecol Evol
                10.1002/(ISSN)2045-7758
                ECE3
                Ecology and Evolution
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2045-7758
                01 May 2021
                June 2021
                : 11
                : 11 ( doiID: 10.1002/ece3.v11.11 )
                : 5828-5843
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Laura Rodrigues Vieira de Alencar, Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.

                Email: alencarlrv@ 123456gmail.com

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6805-7682
                Article
                ECE37511
                10.1002/ece3.7511
                8207422
                34141187
                52f791b2-65ee-483b-ae0c-962145ab2d7f
                © 2021 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 08 March 2021
                : 17 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 0, Pages: 16, Words: 13106
                Funding
                Funded by: Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) , open-funder-registry 10.13039/501100001807;
                Award ID: 2016/14292‐1
                Award ID: 2018/05462‐6
                Categories
                Hypotheses
                Hypotheses
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                June 2021
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.0.2 mode:remove_FC converted:16.06.2021

                Evolutionary Biology
                dispersion ability,geographic opportunities,macroevolution,microevolution,reproductive isolation,speciation

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