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      STAT3 Pathway in Gastric Cancer: Signaling, Therapeutic Targeting and Future Prospects

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          Abstract

          Molecular signaling pathways play a significant role in the regulation of biological mechanisms, and their abnormal expression can provide the conditions for cancer development. The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a key member of the STAT proteins and its oncogene role in cancer has been shown. STAT3 is able to promote the proliferation and invasion of cancer cells and induces chemoresistance. Different downstream targets of STAT3 have been identified in cancer and it has also been shown that microRNA (miR), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and other molecular pathways are able to function as upstream mediators of STAT3 in cancer. In the present review, we focus on the role and regulation of STAT3 in gastric cancer (GC). miRs and lncRNAs are considered as potential upstream mediators of STAT3 and they are able to affect STAT3 expression in exerting their oncogene or onco-suppressor role in GC cells. Anti-tumor compounds suppress the STAT3 signaling pathway to restrict the proliferation and malignant behavior of GC cells. Other molecular pathways, such as sirtuin, stathmin and so on, can act as upstream mediators of STAT3 in GC. Notably, the components of the tumor microenvironment that are capable of targeting STAT3 in GC, such as fibroblasts and macrophages, are discussed in this review. Finally, we demonstrate that STAT3 can target oncogene factors to enhance the proliferation and metastasis of GC cells.

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          Most cited references 293

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          Microenvironmental regulation of metastasis.

           Johanna A. Joyce,  Jeffrey W Pollard (2009)
          Metastasis is a multistage process that requires cancer cells to escape from the primary tumour, survive in the circulation, seed at distant sites and grow. Each of these processes involves rate-limiting steps that are influenced by non-malignant cells of the tumour microenvironment. Many of these cells are derived from the bone marrow, particularly the myeloid lineage, and are recruited by cancer cells to enhance their survival, growth, invasion and dissemination. This Review describes experimental data demonstrating the role of the microenvironment in metastasis, identifies areas for future research and suggests possible new therapeutic avenues.
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            SOCS proteins: negative regulators of cytokine signaling.

             D Hilton,  Jeremy Krebs (2000)
            Cytokines regulate the growth and differentiation of cells by binding to cell-surface receptors and activating intracellular signal transduction cascades such as the JAK-STAT pathway. Cytokine signaling is negatively regulated with respect to both magnitude and duration, and it is now clear that the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of proteins (SOCS1-SOCS7 and CIS) contributes significantly to this process. Transcripts encoding CIS, SOCS1, SOCS2, and SOCS3 are upregulated in response to cytokine stimulation, and the corresponding SOCS proteins inhibit cytokine-induced signaling pathways. SOCS proteins therefore form part of a classical negative feedback circuit. SOCS family members modulate signaling by several mechanisms, which include inactivation of the Janus kinases (JAKs), blocking access of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) to receptor binding sites, and ubiquitination of signaling proteins and their subsequent targeting to the proteasome. Gene targeting has been used to generate mice lacking socs1, socs2, or socs3, in order to elucidate the physiological function of these SOCS family members. The analysis of socs1(-/-) mice has revealed that SOCS1 plays a key role in the negative regulation of interferon-gamma signaling and in T cell differentiation. Socs2(-/-) mice are 30%-40% larger than wild-type mice, demonstrating that SOCS2 is a critical regulator of postnatal growth. Additionally, the study of embryos lacking socs3 has revealed that SOCS3 is an important regulator of fetal liver hematopoiesis. The biological role of other SOCS proteins remains to be determined.
            Article 0 comments Cited 130 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Gastric cancer: epidemiology and risk factors.

               Martyn Plummer,  Catherine Martel,  David Forman (2013)
              Gastric cancer is one of the major malignancies in the world. This article summarizes the current understanding of the worldwide burden of this disease, its geographic variation, and temporal trends. An overview is presented of known risk factors, including genetic, dietary, and behavioral, but focuses on Helicobacter pylori infection as the most important factor in noncardia gastric cancer. When the data and the literature allow, we distinguish between cardia and noncardia sub-sites, as it is now clear that these two anatomic locations present distinct and sometimes opposite epidemiological characteristics. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
              Article 0 comments Cited 107 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biology (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biology (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): biology
                Title: Biology
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2079-7737
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 June 2020
                Publication date Collection: June 2020
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 6
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran; dvm.milad73@ 123456yahoo.com
                [2 ]Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), 34956 Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey; alizarrabi@ 123456sabanciuniv.edu
                [3 ]Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956 Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
                [4 ]Department of Genetic Science, Tehran Medical Science Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1916893813, Iran; Sima.orouei@ 123456gmail.com
                [5 ]Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134814336, Iran; zarrin.vahideh2075@ 123456gmail.com
                [6 ]Department of Anatomical sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134814336, Iran; Ebrahimrahmani1374@ 123456gmail.com
                [7 ]Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1916893813, Iran; Fzr2000_0007@ 123456yahoo.com
                [8 ]General Practitioner, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran; Shima.mohamadi92@ 123456yahoo.com
                [9 ]Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417414418, Iran; houshmandi.kia7@ 123456ut.ac.ir
                [10 ]Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran; yasharqarehaghaj@ 123456gmail.com
                [11 ]Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council (CNR), 80125 Naples, Italy; pooyanmakvandi@ 123456gmail.com
                [12 ]Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
                [13 ]Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616911319, Iran
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher ID: biology-09-00126
                DOI: 10.3390/biology9060126
                PMC ID: 7345582
                PubMed ID: 32545648
                Copyright statement: © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Data availability:

                Keywords: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (stat3), gastric cancer, microrna, long non-coding rna, cancer therapy, tumor microenvironment

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