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      Sepsis en pediatría: nuevos conceptos Translated title: Sepsis in pediatrics: New concepts

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          Abstract

          La sepsis es una de las principales causas de mortalidad en adultos y en niños. El impacto es negativo en la salud de la población, y los gastos generados en el sistema de salud se los calcula en varios miles de millones de dólares. La muerte infantil a nivel mundial representa por décadas una compleja y progresiva enfermedad inflamatoria secundaria a un agente infeccioso, la cual origina disoxia tisular y eventualmente falla celular y orgánica, sin necesariamente pasar por hipotensión en etapas tempranas sino en etapas tardías de enfermedad. En la presente publicación se actualiza las definiciones realizadas a partir del Tercer Consenso de Definiciones de Sepsis y Choque Séptico y las Campañas Internacionales Sobreviviendo a la Sepsis, tomando como referencia un mejor entendimiento de la patobiología de la enfermedad. Se aborda la necesidad de usar un puntaje de disfunción de órganos en niños para valorar y predecir la mortalidad de una mejor manera y realizar ensayos clínicos. El objetivo de este artículo es dar a conocer el estado actual del conocimiento en la parte operacional de definiciones y la sugerencia de adaptar los conceptos a las guías clínicas nacionales.

          Translated abstract

          Sepsis is one of the leading causes of mortality in adults and children. It has a negative impact on the population's health, and the expenses for the healthcare system are estimated at several billion dollars. Worldwide, infant death has represented for decades a complex and progressive inflammatory disease secondary to an infectious agent, which causes tissue dysoxia and eventually cell and organ failure, without necessarily going through hypotension in the early stages but in later stages of the disease. This review updates the definitions from the Third Consensus on Definitions of Sepsis and Septic Shock and the International Surviving Campaigns, which provide us a better understanding of the pathobiology of the disease. It elaborates on the need to use a score of organ dysfunction in children for better appraisal and prediction of mortality, and to conduct clinical trials. The objective of this article is to present the current status of knowledge of the operational definitions and to suggest the adaptation of the concepts in the national clinical guidelines.

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          Sepsis: current dogma and new perspectives.

          Sepsis, a clinical syndrome occurring in patients following infection or injury, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current immunological mechanisms do not explain the basis of cellular dysfunction and organ failure, the ultimate cause of death. Here we review current dogma and argue that it is time to delineate novel immunometabolic and neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the altered cellular bioenergetics and failure of epithelial and endothelial barriers that produce organ dysfunction and death. These mechanisms might hold the key to future therapeutic strategies. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Sepsis definitions: time for change.

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              Clinical practice parameters for hemodynamic support of pediatric and neonatal patients in septic shock.

              The Institute of Medicine has called for the development of clinical guidelines and practice parameters to develop "best practice" and potentially improve patient outcome. To provide American College of Critical Care Medicine clinical guidelines for hemodynamic support of neonates and children with septic shock. Individual members of the Society of Critical Care Medicine with special interest in neonatal and pediatric septic shock were identified from literature review and general solicitation at Society of Critical Care Medicine Educational and Scientific Symposia (1998-2001). The MEDLINE literature database was searched with the following age-specific keywords: sepsis, septicemia, septic shock, endotoxemia, persistent pulmonary hypertension, nitric oxide, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. More than 30 experts graded literature and drafted specific recommendations by using a modified Delphi method. More than 30 more experts then reviewed the compiled recommendations. The task-force chairman modified the document until <10% of experts disagreed with the recommendations. Only four randomized controlled trials in children with septic shock could be identified. None of these randomized trials led to a change in practice. Clinical practice has been based, for the most part, on physiologic experiments, case series, and cohort studies. Despite relatively low American College of Critical Care Medicine-graded evidence in the pediatric literature, outcomes in children have improved from 97% mortality in the 1960s to 60% in the 1980s and 9% mortality in 1999. U.S. hospital survival was three-fold better in children compared with adults (9% vs. 27% mortality) in 1999. Shock pathophysiology and response to therapies is age specific. For example, cardiac failure is a predominant cause of death in neonates and children, but vascular failure is a predominant cause of death in adults. Inotropes, vasodilators (children), inhaled nitric oxide (neonates), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation can be more important contributors to survival in the pediatric populations, whereas vasopressors can be more important contributors to adult survival. American College of Critical Care Medicine adult guidelines for hemodynamic support of septic shock have little application to the management of pediatric or neonatal septic shock. Studies are required to determine whether American College of Critical Care Medicine guidelines for hemodynamic support of pediatric and neonatal septic shock will be implemented and associated with improved outcome.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                afm
                Anales de la Facultad de Medicina
                An. Fac. med.
                Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Facultad de Medicina (Lima, , Peru )
                1025-5583
                July 2017
                : 78
                : 3
                : 333-342
                Affiliations
                [02] Lima orgnameHospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins orgdiv1Maestría de Docencia e Investigación en Salud Perú
                [01] Lima orgnameHospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins Perú
                Article
                S1025-55832017000300014
                10.15381/anales.v78i3.13769
                531ece50-ca7c-41ac-a1a5-2eae50c1f780

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 29 May 2017
                : 10 May 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 70, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Peru


                Sepsis,Choque Séptico,Disfunción Multiorgánica,Puntaje,Septic Shock,Multiorgan dysfunction,Organ Dysfunction Score

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