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      The relationship between vitamin B12 levels and electrocardiographic ventricular repolarization markers Translated title: La relación entre los niveles de vitamina B12 y los marcadores electrocardiográficos de repolarización ventricular

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          Abstract

          Abstract Background: it has been shown that vitamin B12 deficiency, which can cause hematological and neuropsychiatric disorders, may also be associated with cardiac autonomic dysfunction, heart rate variability, endothelial dysfunction, and a decrease in myocardial deformation. Aims: the aim of our study is to evaluate the relationship between vitamin B12 levels and electrocardiographic repolarization disorders, which are indicators of arrhythmogenic predisposition in healthy individuals. Methods: our study population consisted of 214 healthy adults. Considering the distribution of vitamin B12 levels and accepting 25 % and 75 % percentiles as the cut-off values, the participants were divided into 3 groups. Laboratory, echocardiography and electrocardiography (ECG) measurements were compared between three groups. ECG measurements were performed manually and Tpeak-Tend (Tp-e), Tp-e corrected (Tp-ec), QT and QT corrected (QTc) intervals were calculated. Results: the patients in Group 1 (vitamin B12 < 253 pg/ml) were found to have significantly higher QT and QTc dispersions, Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios when compared to those in Group 2 (253 pg/ml < vitamin B12 > 436 pg/ml) and Group 3 (vitamin B12 > 436 pg/ml). On the other hand, a negative significant correlation was detected between vitamin B12 levels and Tp-e, Tp-e/QT, Tp-e/QTc ratios, QT and QTc dispersions. Conclusion: a low level of vitamin B12 in healthy individuals can be a significant indicator of arrhythmogenic susceptibility. A close follow-up of these subjects in terms of arrhythmogenic predisposition can be useful.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Fundamento: se ha demostrado que la deficiencia de vitamina B12, que puede causar trastornos hematológicos y neuropsiquiátricos, también puede estar asociada con disfunción autonómica cardíaca, variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca, disfunción endotelial y disminución de la deformación miocárdica. Objetivos: el objetivo de nuestro estudio es evaluar la relación entre los niveles de vitamina B12 y los trastornos de repolarización electrocardiográfica que son indicadores de predisposición arritmogénica en individuos sanos. Métodos: la población del estudio fue de 214 adultos sanos. Considerando la distribución de los niveles de vitamina B12 y aceptando los percentiles del 25 % y 75 % como valores de corte, los participantes se dividieron en 3 grupos. Se compararon las mediciones de laboratorio, ecocardiografía y electrocardiografía (ECG) entre tres grupos. Las mediciones del ECG se realizaron manualmente y se calcularon los intervalos Tpeak-Tend (Tp-e), Tp-e corregido (Tp-ec), QT y QT corregido (QTc). Resultados: se encontró que los pacientes del grupo 1 (vitamina B12 < 253 pg/ml) tenían dispersiones QT y QTc, intervalo Tp-e, cocientes Tp-e/QT y Tp-e/QTc significativamente más altos cuando se compararon con los del grupo 2 (253 pg/ml < vitamina B12 > 436 pg/ml) y el grupo 3 (vitamina B12 > 436 pg/ml). Por otro lado, se detectó una correlación significativa negativa entre los niveles de vitamina B12 y las relaciones Tp-e, Tp-e/QT, Tp-e/QTc, dispersiones QT y QTc. Conclusión: el bajo nivel de vitamina B12 en los individuos sanos puede ser un indicador significativo de susceptibilidad arritmogénica. Un seguimiento estrecho de estos sujetos en términos de predisposición arritmogénica podría ser útil.

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          Prolonged Tpeak-to-tend interval on the resting ECG is associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac death.

          Early studies indicate that prolongation of the interval between the peak and the end of the T wave (Tpeak to Tend [TpTe]) on the 12-lead ECG is a marker of ventricular arrhythmogenesis. However, community-based studies have not been conducted. TpTe and other ECG predictors were evaluated in the ongoing Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study based in the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area using a case-control design. Cases of sudden cardiac death (SCD) (n = 353; mean age, 66.6 years; 95% CI, 65.1 to 68.1 years; 67% men) were compared with living controls with coronary artery disease (n = 342; mean age, 64.7 years; 95% CI, 63.4 to 66.0 years; 69% men) from the same region. Analysis of TpTe and selected ECG intervals was limited to sinus rhythm 12-lead ECGs. For cases, these were obtained before and unrelated to SCD. Independent-samples t tests and multiple logistic regression were used. Mean TpTe was significantly greater in cases (89.4 ms; 95% CI, 87.7 to 91.2 ms; P < 0.0001) than in controls (76.1 ms; 95% CI, 74.8 to 77.4 ms). The other ECG intervals (corrected QT interval [QTc], QRS duration [QRSD], and TpTe/QT ratio) also were significantly prolonged among cases versus controls (P ≤ 0.01). TpTe remained a significant predictor of SCD after adjusting for age, sex, QTc, QRSD, and left ventricular function. Odds of SCD increased more with a 1-SD increase in TpTe (12 ms) among subjects with prolonged QRSD (odds ratio, 3.49; 95% CI, 2.06 to 5.91) than with a 1-SD increase in TpTe among subjects with normal QRSD (odds ratio, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.65 to 2.32). TpTe remained significantly associated with SCD in subjects with normal QTc. Prolongation of the TpTe interval measured in lead V5 was independently associated with SCD, with particular utility when the QTc was normal or not measurable because of prolonged QRSD.
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            Physiology of folate and vitamin B12 in health and disease.

            Folate is a water-soluble B-vitamin and enzymatic cofactor that is necessary for the synthesis of purine and thymidine nucleotides and for the synthesis of methionine from homocysteine. Impairment of folate-mediated one-carbon metabolic pathways can result from B-vitamin deficiencies and/or single nucleotide polymorphisms, and increases risk for pathologies, including cancer and cardiovascular disease, and developmental anomalies including neural tube defects. Although several well validated metabolic and genomic biomarkers for folate deficiency exist, our understanding of the biochemical and genetic mechanisms whereby impaired folate metabolism increases risk for developmental anomalies and disease is limited, as are the mechanisms whereby elevated folate intake protects against these pathologies. Therefore, current initiatives to increase folate intakes in human populations to ameliorate developmental anomalies and prevent disease, while effective, lack predictive value with respect to unintended adverse outcomes.
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              Update on the Impact, Diagnosis and Management of Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Diabetes: What Is Defined, What Is New, and What Is Unmet

              The burden of diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is expected to increase due to the diabetes epidemic and its early and widespread appearance. CAN has a definite prognostic role for mortality and cardiovascular morbidity. Putative mechanisms for this are tachycardia, QT interval prolongation, orthostatic hypotension, reverse dipping, and impaired heart rate variability, while emerging mechanisms like inflammation support the pervasiveness of autonomic dysfunction. Efforts to overcome CAN under-diagnosis are on the table: by promoting screening for symptoms and signs; by simplifying cardiovascular reflex tests; and by selecting the candidates for screening. CAN assessment allows for treatment of its manifestations, cardiovascular risk stratification, and tailoring therapeutic targets. Risk factors for CAN are mainly glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and, in addition, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and obesity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), while preliminary data regard glycaemic variability, vitamin B12 and D changes, oxidative stress, inflammation, and genetic biomarkers. Glycaemic control prevents CAN in T1DM, whereas multifactorial intervention might be effective in T2DM. Lifestyle intervention improves autonomic function mostly in pre-diabetes. While there is no conclusive evidence for a disease-modifying therapy, treatment of CAN manifestations is available. The modulation of autonomic function by SGLT2i represents a promising research field with possible clinical relevance.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                June 2022
                : 39
                : 3
                : 588-593
                Affiliations
                [1] Giresun orgnameGiresun Üniversitesi orgdiv1Department of Cardiology Turkey
                [2] Trabzon orgnameTrabzon Kanuni Training and Research Hospital Cardiology Clinic Turkey
                Article
                S0212-16112022000400014 S0212-1611(22)03900300014
                10.20960/nh.03995
                35485384
                536b26ad-fea8-44f7-a665-e829e72136b2

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 13 February 2022
                : 13 December 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Papers

                Vitamina B12,Tpeak-Tend interval,Ventricular repolarization markers,Vitamin B12,Dispersión QT,Intervalo Tpeak-Tend,Marcadores de repolarización ventricular,QT dispersion

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