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      An endangered new species of seasonal killifish of the genus Austrolebias (Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheiloidei) from the Bermejo river basin in the Western Chacoan Region

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          Abstract

          Austrolebias wichi, new species, is herein described from seasonal ponds of the Bermejo river basin in the Western Chacoan district in northwestern Argentina. This species was found in a single pond, a paleochannel of the Bermejo River, which is seriously disturbed by soybean plantations surrounding it. Despite intensive sampling in the area, this species was only registered in this pond where it was relatively scarce. Therefore, we consider this species as critically endangered. This species is the sister species of A. patriciae in our phylogenetic analyses and is similar, in a general external aspect, to A. varzeae and A. carvalhoi. It can be distinguished among the species of Austrolebias by its unique color pattern in males. Additionally, from A. varzeae by presenting a supraorbital band equal or longer than the infraorbital band (vs. shorter) and from A. patriciae by the convex dorsal profile of head (vs. concave). Further diagnostic characters and additional comments on its ecology and reproduction are provided.

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          Can DNA barcoding accurately discriminate megadiverse Neotropical freshwater fish fauna?

          Background The megadiverse Neotropical freshwater ichthyofauna is the richest in the world with approximately 6,000 recognized species. Interestingly, they are distributed among only 17 orders, and almost 80% of them belong to only three orders: Characiformes, Siluriformes and Perciformes. Moreover, evidence based on molecular data has shown that most of the diversification of the Neotropical ichthyofauna occurred recently. These characteristics make the taxonomy and identification of this fauna a great challenge, even when using molecular approaches. In this context, the present study aimed to test the effectiveness of the barcoding methodology (COI gene) to identify the mega diverse freshwater fish fauna from the Neotropical region. For this purpose, 254 species of fishes were analyzed from the Upper Parana River basin, an area representative of the larger Neotropical region. Results Of the 254 species analyzed, 252 were correctly identified by their barcode sequences (99.2%). The main K2P intra- and inter-specific genetic divergence values (0.3% and 6.8%, respectively) were relatively low compared with similar values reported in the literature, reflecting the higher number of closely related species belonging to a few higher taxa and their recent radiation. Moreover, for 84 pairs of species that showed low levels of genetic divergence ( 2%), pointing to at least 23 strong candidates for new species. Conclusions Our study is the first to examine a large number of freshwater fish species from the Neotropical area, including a large number of closely related species. The results confirmed the efficacy of the barcoding methodology to identify a recently radiated, megadiverse fauna, discriminating 99.2% of the analyzed species. The power of the barcode sequences to identify species, even with low interspecific divergence, gives us an idea of the distribution of inter-specific genetic divergence in these megadiverse fauna. The results also revealed hidden genetic divergences suggestive of reproductive isolation and putative cryptic speciation in some species (23 candidates for new species). Finally, our study constituted an important contribution to the international Barcoding of Life (iBOL.org) project, providing barcode sequences for use in identification of these species by experts and non-experts, and allowing them to be available for use in other applications.
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            On the use of genetic divergence for identifying species

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              Cladistic biogeography of the Neotropical region: identifying the main events in the diversification of the terrestrial biota

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Resources
                Role: MethodologyRole: Resources
                Role: Data curationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                16 May 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 5
                : e0196261
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA (IBIGEO)-CONICET, 9 de julio 14, Rosario de Lerma, Provincia de Salta, República Argentina
                [2 ] Grupo de Investigación y Conservación de Killis (GICK), Calle, Berisso, Buenos Aires, República Argentina
                [3 ] Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (UEL)-CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán, CEP, Tucumán, Argentina
                [4 ] Instituto de Limnología “Dr. Raúl Ringuelet” (ILPLA)—UNLP–CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
                [5 ] Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP–CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
                [6 ] Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
                Universita degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7227-2732
                Article
                PONE-D-18-00244
                10.1371/journal.pone.0196261
                5955519
                29768422
                5393e746-31b6-4895-b927-d1e71f5863c2
                © 2018 Alonso et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 4 January 2018
                : 2 April 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 10, Tables: 3, Pages: 20
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work. This work was funded with personal resources.
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