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      BLADDER TRANSPLANTATION: THE NEW FRONTIER IN ABDOMINAL ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION Translated title: TRANSPLANTE DE BEXIGA: A NOVA FRONTEIRA NO TRANSPLANTE DE ÓRGÃOS ABDOMINAIS

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          ABSTRACT

          Lower urinary tract abnormalities are directly implicated in the etiology of renal dysfunction in 6 to 24% of dialytic patients. These patients require bladder capacity and compliance readjustment before being considered viable candidates for renal transplantation. Vesical augmentation surgeries often involve the use of intestinal segments. Although these procedures can effectively restore bladder capacity and compliance, they present various issues related to maintaining mucous absorption and secretion capacity. Acidosis, recurrent urinary tract infections, and stone formation are extremely common, leading to frequent hospitalizations and graft function loss. Urinary tissue is certainly ideal for these reconstructions; however, bladder augmentation using ureter and renal pelvis are feasible only in a minority of cases. Experimental studies have been conducted to establish the groundwork for vascularized bladder transplantation. Last year, for the first time, this procedure was performed on a brain-dead patient. During this intervention, cystectomy was performed with preservation the vascular pedicle, followed by organ reimplantation. The graft remained viable for a period of 12 hours post-transplant. However, this intervention utilized a robotic platform, making it less reproducible in a multi-organ procurement setting as well as for most transplant centers. Moreover, it is debatable whether the benefits of exclusive bladder transplantation outweigh the risks associated with immunosuppression. For patients needing renal transplantation and requiring lower urinary tract reconstruction, however, utilizing the donor’s bladder may offer an attractive alternative, avoiding the inherent complications of enterocystoplasty without increasing immunological risk. Combined kidney and bladder transplantation has the potential to emerge as the next frontier in abdominal organ transplants.

          RESUMO

          As alterações do trato urinário inferior estão diretamente implicadas na etiologia da disfunção renal em 6 a 24% dos pacientes em diálise. Esses pacientes necessitam readequação da capacidade e complacência vesical antes de serem considerados candidatos viáveis para o transplante renal. As cirurgias de ampliação vesical frequentemente envolvem a utilização de segmentos intestinais. Embora estes procedimentos possam reestabelecer de forma eficaz a capacidade e complacência vesical, apresentam diversos problemas relacionados à manutenção da capacidade de absorção e secreção de muco. Acidose, infecções urinárias de repetição e formação de cálculos são extremamente comuns levando a internações frequentes e perda de função do enxerto. O tecido urinário é certamente ideal para estas reconstruções, contudo, ampliações vesicais utilizando ureter e pelve renal são viáveis somente em uma minoria dos casos. Estudos experimentais têm sido conduzidos na busca de se estabelecer os fundamentos para um transplante vascularizado de bexiga. No ano passado, pela primeira vez, este procedimento foi realizado em um paciente em morte encefálica. Nessa intervenção, foi realizada a cistectomia, preservando-se o pedículo vascular, seguida pelo reimplante do órgão. Esse enxerto mostrou-se viável pelo período de 12 horas após o transplante. Entretanto, nesta intervenção, foi utilizada plataforma robótica tornando-o pouco reprodutível em um contexto de captação de múltiplos órgãos bem como para a maioria dos centros transplantadores. Além disso, é discutível se os benefícios do transplante vesical exclusivo compensam os riscos associados à imunossupressão. Para pacientes que precisam ser submetidos a transplante renal e requerem reconstrução do trato urinário inferior, entretanto, a utilização da bexiga do mesmo doador pode representar uma alternativa atraente, evitando as complicações inerentes às enterocistoplastias sem aumento do risco imunológico. O transplante combinado de rim e bexiga tem o potencial de se destacar como a próxima fronteira nos transplantes de órgãos abdominais.

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          Most cited references32

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          Systematic review: kidney transplantation compared with dialysis in clinically relevant outcomes.

          Individual studies indicate that kidney transplantation is associated with lower mortality and improved quality of life compared with chronic dialysis treatment. We did a systematic review to summarize the benefits of transplantation, aiming to identify characteristics associated with especially large or small relative benefit. Results were not pooled because of expected diversity inherent to observational studies. Risk of bias was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist and items related to time-to-event analysis techniques. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched up to February 2010. Cohort studies comparing adult chronic dialysis patients with kidney transplantation recipients for clinical outcomes were selected. We identified 110 eligible studies with a total of 1 922 300 participants. Most studies found significantly lower mortality associated with transplantation, and the relative magnitude of the benefit seemed to increase over time (p < 0.001). Most studies also found that the risk of cardiovascular events was significantly reduced among transplant recipients. Quality of life was significantly and substantially better among transplant recipients. Despite increases in the age and comorbidity of contemporary transplant recipients, the relative benefits of transplantation seem to be increasing over time. These findings validate current attempts to increase the number of people worldwide that benefit from kidney transplantation. ©2011 The Authors Journal compilation©2011 The American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.
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            Livebirth after uterus transplantation from a deceased donor in a recipient with uterine infertility

            Uterus transplantation from live donors became a reality to treat infertility following a successful Swedish 2014 series, inspiring uterus transplantation centres and programmes worldwide. However, no case of livebirth via deceased donor uterus has, to our knowledge, been successfully achieved, raising doubts about its feasibility and viability, including whether the womb remains viable after prolonged ischaemia.
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              Concise Review: Tissue Engineering of Urinary Bladder; We Still Have a Long Way to Go?

              Abstract Regenerative medicine is a new branch of medicine based on tissue engineering technology. This rapidly developing field of science offers revolutionary treatment strategy aimed at urinary bladder regeneration. Despite many promising announcements of experimental urinary bladder reconstruction, there has been a lack in commercialization of therapies based on current investigations. This is due to numerous obstacles that are slowly being identified and precisely overcome. The goal of this review is to present the current status of research on urinary bladder regeneration and highlight further challenges that need to be gradually addressed. We put an emphasis on expectations of urologists that are awaiting tissue engineering based solutions in clinical practice. This review also presents a detailed characteristic of obstacles on the road to successful urinary bladder regeneration from urological clinician perspective. A defined interdisciplinary approach might help to accelerate planning transitional research tissue engineering focused on urinary tracts. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:2033–2043

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Arq Bras Cir Dig
                Arq Bras Cir Dig
                abcd
                Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva : ABCD
                Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgia Digestiva
                0102-6720
                2317-6326
                17 June 2024
                2024
                : 37
                : e1808
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Renal Transplant Unit – São Paulo (SP), Brazil; 2Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Digestive Transplant Unit – São Paulo (SP), Brazil.
                [2 ]Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Digestive Transplant Unit – São Paulo (SP), Brazil
                Author notes
                Correspondence:Affonso Celso Piovesan. Email: affonsocelsop@ 123456hotmail.com .

                Conflict of interests: None

                Editorial Support: National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq).

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3206-7536
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5162-138X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6527-1528
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8264-8326
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7607-7168
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7395-8370
                Article
                00502
                10.1590/0102-6720202400015e1808
                11182627
                53b81f69-b564-4a9e-af7d-d3458037986b

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 15 March 2024
                : 31 March 2024
                Page count
                References: 27
                Categories
                Review Article

                transplantation,urinary bladder,kidney,cystectomy,transplante,bexiga urinária,rim,cistectomia.

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