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      Structure of the phenotypic variability of fruit and seeds of Dipteryx alata vogel (Fabaceae) Translated title: Estrutura da variabilidade fenotípica de caracteres de frutos e sementes de baruzeiro (Dipteryx alata vog.)

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          Abstract

          Abstract Dipteryx alata Vogel (“baru tree”) is a fruit species native to the Brazilian Cerrado and presents a multiplicity of uses, constituting a priority species for domestication and cultivation studies. The objective of the current study was to characterize fruit and seeds of D. alata from several regions of the Brazilian Cerrado biome to support strategies for ex situ conservation and utilization of the genetic variability of the species. Fruits were collected from 25 subpopulations, sampling six mother plants per subpopulation, with collection of at least 25 fruits per plant. The physical trait data of the fruits and seeds were submitted to descriptive analysis, analysis of variance and correlation among traits. There was significant variation for all traits among subpopulations and among individuals within subpopulations. The highest proportion of variability was observed among individuals within subpopulations. The phenotypic differentiation among subpopulations was higher for fruit traits compared to seed traits. The correlation analysis showed the existence of significant correlations for most of the traits pairs in the different hierarchical levels. It was concluded that D. alata presents phenotypic variability to support germplasm collection programsand formation of base populations for breeding programs, recommending the sampling in several locations to ensure an adequate representativeness of the phenotypic variability.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Dipteryx alata Vog. (barueiro) é uma espécie frutífera nativa do Cerrado brasileiro e apresenta uma multiplicidade de usos, constituindo-se em espécie prioritária para estudos de domesticação e cultivo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar fisicamente frutos e sementes de barueiro provenientes de coleta de germoplasma em diferentes regiões do Cerrado visando, à conservação ex situ e à utilização da variabilidade genética da espécie. Foram coletados frutos de plantas de 25 subpopulações, em seis estados, amostrando seis matrizes por subpopulação, com coleta de, pelo menos, 25 frutos por matriz. Os dados de caracterização física dos frutos e das sementes foram submetidos à análise descritiva, análise de variância e correlação entre caracteres. Houve variação significativa para todas as variáveis avaliadas entre subpopulações e entre matrizes dentro de subpopulações. A maior proporção da variabilidade foi observada entre matrizes dentro de subpopulações. A divergência fenotípica entre subpopulações foi maior para caracteres de frutos em comparação com caracteres de sementes. A análise de correlação demonstrou a existência de correlações significativas para a maioria dos pares de caracteres avaliados nos diferentes níveis hierárquicos. Conclui-se que D. alata possui variabilidade fenotípica para sustentar programas de coleta de germoplasma e formação de populações-base para programas de melhoramento genético, recomendando-se a coleta em múltiplas procedências para assegurar uma adequada representatividade da variabilidade fenotípica.

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          Land cover mapping of the tropical savanna region in Brazil.

          The Brazilian tropical savanna (Cerrado), encompassing more than 204 million hectares in the central part of the country, is the second richest biome in Brazil in terms of biodiversity and presents high land use pressure. The objective of this study was to map the land cover of the Cerrado biome based on the segmentation and visual interpretation of 170 Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus satellite scenes acquired in 2002. The following land cover classes were discriminated: grasslands, shrublands, forestlands, croplands, pasturelands, reforestations, urban areas, and mining areas. The results showed that the remnant natural vegetation is still covering about 61% of the biome, however, on a highly asymmetrical basis. While natural physiognomies comprise 90% of the northern part of the biome, only 15% are left in its southern portions. Shrublands were the dominant natural land cover class, while pasturelands were the dominant land use class in the Cerrado biome. The final Cerrado's land cover map confirmed the intensive land use pressure in this unique biome. This paper also showed that Landsat-like sensors can provide feasible land cover maps of Cerrado, although ancillary data are required to help image interpretation.
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            Testing for spatially divergent selection: comparing QST to FST.

            Q(ST) is a standardized measure of the genetic differentiation of a quantitative trait among populations. The distribution of Q(ST)'s for neutral traits can be predicted from the F(ST) for neutral marker loci. To test for the neutral differentiation of a quantitative trait among populations, it is necessary to ask whether the Q(ST) of that trait is in the tail of the probability distribution of neutral traits. This neutral distribution can be estimated using the Lewontin-Krakauer distribution and the F(ST) from a relatively small number of marker loci. We develop a simulation method to test whether the Q(ST) of a given trait is consistent with the null hypothesis of selective neutrality over space. The method is most powerful with small mean F(ST), strong selection, and a large number (>10) of measured populations. The power and type I error rate of the new method are far superior to the traditional method of comparing Q(ST) and F(ST).
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              Demographic history and the low genetic diversity in Dipteryx alata (Fabaceae) from Brazilian Neotropical savannas.

              Genetic effects of habitat fragmentation may be undetectable because they are generally a recent event in evolutionary time or because of confounding effects such as historical bottlenecks and historical changes in species' distribution. To assess the effects of demographic history on the genetic diversity and population structure in the Neotropical tree Dipteryx alata (Fabaceae), we used coalescence analyses coupled with ecological niche modeling to hindcast its distribution over the last 21 000 years. Twenty-five populations (644 individuals) were sampled and all individuals were genotyped using eight microsatellite loci. All populations presented low allelic richness and genetic diversity. The estimated effective population size was small in all populations and gene flow was negligible among most. We also found a significant signal of demographic reduction in most cases. Genetic differentiation among populations was significantly correlated with geographical distance. Allelic richness showed a spatial cline pattern in relation to the species' paleodistribution 21 kyr BP (thousand years before present), as expected under a range expansion model. Our results show strong evidences that genetic diversity in D. alata is the outcome of the historical changes in species distribution during the late Pleistocene. Because of this historically low effective population size and the low genetic diversity, recent fragmentation of the Cerrado biome may increase population differentiation, causing population decline and compromising long-term persistence.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbf
                Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura
                Rev. Bras. Frutic.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Fruticultura (Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil )
                0100-2945
                1806-9967
                2020
                : 42
                : 5
                : e-003
                Affiliations
                [03] Ceres GO orgnameFederal Institute of Goiás,Campus Ceres Brasil luciana.silva@ 123456ifgoiano.edu.br
                [02] Lavras Minas Gerais orgnameUniversidade Federal de Lavras Brazil cboaventura@ 123456gmail.com
                [01] Goianésia GO orgnameFaculdade Evangélica de Goianésia - FACEG Brasil elias-emanuel@ 123456hotmail.com
                [04] Goiânia Goiás orgnameUniversidade Federal de Goiás Brazil lchaves@ 123456agro.ufg.br
                Article
                S0100-29452020000500101 S0100-2945(20)04200500101
                10.1590/0100-29452020003
                53b88a33-48f8-4618-ae5b-22316dd12a29

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 June 2020
                : 17 January 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 43, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Biotechnology

                Fruit and seed morphology,recursos genéticos,Cerrado,baru,variação fenotípica,Morfologia de frutos e sementes,genetic resources,baru tree,phenotypic variation

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