12
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Children with ADHD symptoms show deficits in reactive but not proactive inhibition, irrespective of their formal diagnosis

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Background

          Attenuated inhibitory control is one of the most robust findings in the neuropsychology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, it is unclear whether this represents a deficit in outright stopping (reactive inhibition), whether it relates to a deficit in anticipatory response slowing (proactive inhibition), or both. In addition, children with other development disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), often have symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity similar to children with ADHD. These may relate to similar underlying changes in inhibitory processing.

          Methods

          In this study, we used a modified stop-signal task to dissociate reactive and proactive inhibition. We included not only children with ADHD, but also children primarily diagnosed with an ASD and high parent-rated levels of ADHD symptoms.

          Results

          We replicated the well-documented finding of attenuated reactive inhibition in children with ADHD. In addition, we found a similar deficit in children with ASD and a similar level of ADHD symptoms. In contrast, we found no evidence for deficits in proactive inhibition in either clinical group.

          Conclusions

          These findings re-emphasize the role of reactive inhibition in children with ADHD and ADHD symptoms. Moreover, our findings stress the importance of a trans-diagnostic approach to the relationship between behavior and neuropsychology.

          Related collections

          Most cited references22

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: not found
          • Article: not found

          Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing

            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Hold your horses: impulsivity, deep brain stimulation, and medication in parkinsonism.

            Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus markedly improves the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, but causes cognitive side effects such as impulsivity. We showed that DBS selectively interferes with the normal ability to slow down when faced with decision conflict. While on DBS, patients actually sped up their decisions under high-conflict conditions. This form of impulsivity was not affected by dopaminergic medication status. Instead, medication impaired patients' ability to learn from negative decision outcomes. These findings implicate independent mechanisms leading to impulsivity in treated Parkinson's patients and were predicted by a single neurocomputational model of the basal ganglia.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Functional significance of the cortico-subthalamo-pallidal 'hyperdirect' pathway.

              How the motor-related cortical areas modulate the activity of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia is an important issue for understanding the mechanisms of motor control by the basal ganglia. The cortico-subthalamo-pallidal 'hyperdirect' pathway conveys powerful excitatory effects from the motor-related cortical areas to the globus pallidus, bypassing the striatum, with shorter conduction time than effects conveyed through the striatum. We emphasize the functional significance of the 'hyperdirect' pathway and propose a dynamic 'center-surround model' of basal ganglia function in the control of voluntary limb movements. When a voluntary movement is about to be initiated by cortical mechanisms, a corollary signal conveyed through the cortico-subthalamo-pallidal 'hyperdirect' pathway first inhibits large areas of the thalamus and cerebral cortex that are related to both the selected motor program and other competing programs. Then, another corollary signal through the cortico-striato-pallidal 'direct' pathway disinhibits their targets and releases only the selected motor program. Finally, the third corollary signal possibly through the cortico-striato-external pallido-subthalamo-internal pallidal 'indirect' pathway inhibits their targets extensively. Through this sequential information processing, only the selected motor program is initiated, executed and terminated at the selected timing, whereas other competing programs are canceled.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Psychol Med
                Psychol Med
                PSM
                Psychological Medicine
                Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, UK )
                0033-2917
                1469-8978
                November 2018
                08 February 2018
                : 48
                : 15
                : 2515-2521
                Affiliations
                [1 ]NICHE Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
                [2 ]Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                Author notes
                Author for correspondence: Branko M. van Hulst, E-mail: b.vanhulst@ 123456umcutrecht.nl
                Article
                S0033291718000107 00010
                10.1017/S0033291718000107
                6190063
                29415788
                53b8a70a-b9d2-4c5c-86af-184f7c74c09b
                © Cambridge University Press 2018

                This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike licence ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the same Creative Commons licence is included and the original work is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use.

                History
                : 06 April 2016
                : 05 January 2018
                : 05 January 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, References: 39, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Original Articles

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                attention-deficit disorder with hyperactivity,child,cognitive control,neuropsychology,proactive inhibition,reactive inhibition,trans-diagnostic

                Comments

                Comment on this article