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      Management of advanced recurrent oral squamous cell carcinoma: is still salvage surgery indicated? Translated title: Manejo del carcinoma de células escamosas recurrente en estadios avanzados en cavidad oral: ¿está la cirugía de rescate todavía indicada?

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Locorregional recurrent disease (LRD) represents the most common cause of mortality in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Salvage surgery has been reported as the primary option for these patients. However, some groups have proposed it may be considered as therapeutic obstinacy, specially in advanced stages. This study wants to determine if salvage surgery is the most suitable treatment for LRD in advanced OSCC. Patients and methods: A retrospective cohorts study was designed including patients diagnosed with recurrent OSCC between May 2012 and December 2015 (n = 32). Patients were divided in two groups depending on whether salvage surgery was performed or not. Patients were followed-up for five years. Results: No differences were found between both groups according to sex, age, Charlson comorbidity index, initial TNM, stage, localization and treatment, recurrent TNM, stage and localization or time until recurrence. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) were found in disease free survival and overall survival between both groups, even when stratified in early and advanced stages. Discussion and conclusion: According to our results, salvage surgery provides both disease free survival and overall survival to patients with recurrent oral scamous cell carcinoma, even in advanced stages. However, it is true that salvage surgery is very likely to produce important comorbidities. We consider that these results should be explained to the patient in a comprehensive and compassionate talk and he or she should decide whether to go through this process or not.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad recurrente locorregional representa la principal causa de mortalidad en pacientes con carcinoma oral de células escamosas. La cirugía de rescate ha sido la principal opción para estos pacientes. Sin embargo, algunos grupos han propuesto que pudiera ser considerada como obstinación terapéutica, especialmente en estadios avanzados. Este estudio quiere determinar si la cirugía de rescate es el tratamiento más indicado para el tratamiento de la enfermedad recurrente en estadios avanzados de carcinoma de células escamosas en cavidad oral. Pacientes y métodos: Se diseñó un estudio retrospectivo de cohortes, incluyendo pacientes diagnosticados de carcinoma epidermoide recurrente de cavidad oral entre mayo de 2012 y diciembre de 2015 (n = 32). Se dividieron a los pacientes en dos grupos en función de si se había realizado cirugía de rescate o no, y fueron seguidos durante cinco años. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos por sexo, edad, el índice de comorbilidad de Charlson, el TNM o estadio inicial, localización inicial, tratamiento realizado inicial, TNM o estadio de la recurrencia, localización de la recurrencia o tiempo hasta la recurrencia. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,001) en el tiempo libre de enfermedad y tiempo de supervivencia entre los grupos, también al estratificarlos por estadios iniciales o avanzados. Discusión: Según nuestros resultados, la cirugía de rescate aporta tiempo libre de enfermedad y supervivencia a pacientes con recidiva de carcinoma de células escamosas en cavidad oral, incluso en estadios avanzados. Sin embargo, que la cirugía de rescate es probable que produzca importantes comorbilidades. Consideramos que estos resultados tienen que ser explicados al paciente de forma comprensible y compasiva, y él o ella debe tomar la decisión de pasar por este proceso o no.

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          A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: Development and validation

          The objective of this study was to develop a prospectively applicable method for classifying comorbid conditions which might alter the risk of mortality for use in longitudinal studies. A weighted index that takes into account the number and the seriousness of comorbid disease was developed in a cohort of 559 medical patients. The 1-yr mortality rates for the different scores were: "0", 12% (181); "1-2", 26% (225); "3-4", 52% (71); and "greater than or equal to 5", 85% (82). The index was tested for its ability to predict risk of death from comorbid disease in the second cohort of 685 patients during a 10-yr follow-up. The percent of patients who died of comorbid disease for the different scores were: "0", 8% (588); "1", 25% (54); "2", 48% (25); "greater than or equal to 3", 59% (18). With each increased level of the comorbidity index, there were stepwise increases in the cumulative mortality attributable to comorbid disease (log rank chi 2 = 165; p less than 0.0001). In this longer follow-up, age was also a predictor of mortality (p less than 0.001). The new index performed similarly to a previous system devised by Kaplan and Feinstein. The method of classifying comorbidity provides a simple, readily applicable and valid method of estimating risk of death from comorbid disease for use in longitudinal studies. Further work in larger populations is still required to refine the approach because the number of patients with any given condition in this study was relatively small.
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            Salvage surgery for patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: when do the ends justify the means?

            Salvage surgery is widely viewed as a "double-edged sword." It is the best option for many patients with recurrent cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract, especially when original therapy included irradiation, yet it may provide only modest benefit at high personal cost to the patient. The stakes are high because alternatives are of limited value. The primary objective of this study was to fully assess the value of salvage surgical procedures in the treatment of local and regional recurrence. The following hypotheses were developed to focus the study design and data analysis. 1) The efficacy of salvage surgery correlates recurrent stage, recurrent site, and time to presalvage recurrence. 2) The economic and noneconomic costs of salvage surgery increase with higher recurrent stage. 3) Information relating the value of salvage surgery to recurrent stage and recurrent site will be useful to these patients and the physicians who treat them. Two complimentary methods of investigation were used: a meta-analysis of the published literature and a prospective observational study of patients undergoing salvage surgery for recurrent cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract. The meta-analysis combined 32 published reports to obtain an estimate of average treatment effect for salvage surgery with regard to survival, disease-free survival, surgical complications, and operative mortality. The prospective observational study included detailed data in 109 patients who underwent salvage surgery. In addition to parameters studied in the meta-analysis, we obtained baseline and interval quality of life data (Functional Living Index for Cancer [FLIC] scores), baseline and interval performance status evaluations (Performance Status Scale for Head and Neck Cancer Patients [PSS head and neck scores]), length of hospital stay, and hospital and physician charges, and related this data primarily to recurrent stage, recurrent site, and time to presalvage recurrence. The weighted average of 5-year survival in the meta-analysis was 39% in 1,080 patients from 28 different institutions. In the prospective study, median disease-free survival was 17.9 months in 109 patients, and this correlated strongly with recurrent stage, weakly with recurrent site, and not at all with time to presalvage recurrence. Noneconomic costs for patients and economic costs correlated with recurrent stage, but not with site. Baseline FLIC and PSS head and neck scores correlated with recurrent stage, but not with site. After salvage surgery the percentage of patients reaching or exceeding baseline was 51% for FLIC scores, and this differed significantly with recurrent stage. Postoperative interval "success" in PSS head and neck subscale scores for diet and eating in public also correlated with recurrent stage. Overall, the expected efficacy for salvage surgery in patients with recurrent head and neck cancer was surprisingly good, but success was limited and costs were great in stage III and, especially, in stage IV recurrences. A strong correlation of efficacy and noneconomic costs with recurrent stage allowed the creation of expectation profiles that may be useful to patients. Additional systematic clinical research is needed to improve results. In the end, the decision to undergo salvage surgery should be a personal choice made by the patient after honest and compassionate discussion with his or her surgeon.
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              Survival analysis and risk factors for recurrence in oral squamous cell carcinoma: does surgical salvage affect outcome?

              The purpose of this retrospective study was to review the outcomes and recurrence rates of subjects with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma treated at a single institution by primary surgical resection, with or without adjuvant radiation or chemotherapy, to identify factors that affect locoregional control and determine whether surgical salvage affects survival. The records of 157 subjects diagnosed with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma treated at a single institution from 1997 to 2007 were identified. Data on demographics, site, clinical stage, pathologic stage, treatment, recurrence, and survival were collected. Defined outcome measures were overall survival, disease-free survival, and length of survival after recurrence. Analysis of the data was performed by use of the Cox proportional hazards model. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were created for disease-free survival, as well as survival by histologic grade, nodal status, recurrence, and tumor stage. We identified 157 subjects, with 155 meeting the inclusion criteria. The overall 5-year survival rate was 48%, with a disease-free survival rate of 42% (95% confidence interval, 36%-53%). Survival was found to be influenced by stage (P = .0001), nodal status (P = .0025), and histologic grade (P = .04). There were 24 subjects with recurrence (15%). Of these, 11 had local recurrence (46%), 9 had regional recurrence (37%), 2 had distant recurrence (8%), 1 had both local and regional recurrence (4%), and 1 had both local and distant metastasis (4%). Recurrence was not found to be significantly affected by pathologic stage (P = .71), clinical stage (P = .6), histologic grade (P = .178), postoperative radiation therapy (P = .54), postoperative chemotherapy (P = .66), N-positive status (P = .71), or whether the subject underwent a neck dissection (P = .984). Surgery significantly increased both overall survival time (P = .009) and survival time after recurrence (P = .006). Radiation therapy (P = .4) and chemotherapy (P = .82) did not have a survival benefit as therapy for recurrence. Survival is influenced by stage at presentation, nodal status, and histologic grade. No variables were found to influence recurrence rates. Surgery significantly increased overall survival time, and salvage surgery increased survival after recurrence. 2010 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                maxi
                Revista Española de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial
                Rev Esp Cirug Oral y Maxilofac
                Sociedad Española de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial y de Cabeza y Cuello (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1130-0558
                2173-9161
                December 2021
                : 43
                : 4
                : 127-133
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameHospital Universitario de Badajoz orgdiv1Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department Spain
                [2] orgnameHospital Universitario de Badajoz orgdiv1Radiation Oncology Department Spain
                Article
                S1130-05582021000400002 S1130-0558(21)04300400002
                10.20986/recom.2021.1319/2021
                53c07696-5b2d-46b7-8241-abcefd4b23b7

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 October 2021
                : 17 November 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 12, Pages: 7
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originals

                cáncer de cabeza y cuello,Oral cancer,oral squamous cell carcinoma,recurrence,salvage surgery,therapeutic obstinacy,head and neck cancer,Cáncer oral,carcinoma oral de células escamosas,recidiva,cirugía de rescate,obstinación terapéutica

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