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      • Record: found
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      Cholesterol and the Safety Factor for Neuromuscular Transmission

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          Abstract

          A present review is devoted to the analysis of literature data and results of own research. Skeletal muscle neuromuscular junction is specialized to trigger the striated muscle fiber contraction in response to motor neuron activity. The safety factor at the neuromuscular junction strongly depends on a variety of pre- and postsynaptic factors. The review focuses on the crucial role of membrane cholesterol to maintain a high efficiency of neuromuscular transmission. Cholesterol metabolism in the neuromuscular junction, its role in the synaptic vesicle cycle and neurotransmitter release, endplate electrogenesis, as well as contribution of cholesterol to the synaptogenesis, synaptic integrity, and motor disorders are discussed.

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          Development of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction.

          J Sanes, J Lichtman (1999)
          We describe the formation, maturation, elimination, maintenance, and regeneration of vertebrate neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), the best studied of all synapses. The NMJ forms in a series of steps that involve the exchange of signals among its three cellular components--nerve terminal, muscle fiber, and Schwann cell. Although essentially any motor axon can form NMJs with any muscle fiber, an additional set of cues biases synapse formation in favor of appropriate partners. The NMJ is functional at birth but undergoes numerous alterations postnatally. One step in maturation is the elimination of excess inputs, a competitive process in which the muscle is an intermediary. Once elimination is complete, the NMJ is maintained stably in a dynamic equilibrium that can be perturbed to initiate remodeling. NMJs regenerate following damage to nerve or muscle, but this process differs in fundamental ways from embryonic synaptogenesis. Finally, we consider the extent to which the NMJ is a suitable model for development of neuron-neuron synapses.
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            Synaptic vesicle pools.

            Silvio O Rizzoli, William J Betz (2005)
            Communication between cells reaches its highest degree of specialization at chemical synapses. Some synapses talk in a 'whisper'; others 'shout'. The 'louder' the synapse, the more synaptic vesicles are needed to maintain effective transmission, ranging from a few hundred (whisperers) to nearly a million (shouters). These vesicles reside in different 'pools', which have been given a bewildering array of names. In this review, we focus on five tissue preparations in which synaptic vesicle pools have been identified and thoroughly characterized. We argue that, in each preparation, each vesicle can be assigned to one of three distinct pools.
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              Lipid raft microdomains and neurotransmitter signalling.

              John Allen, Robyn A Halverson-Tamboli, Mark Rasenick (2007)
              Lipid rafts are specialized structures on the plasma membrane that have an altered lipid composition as well as links to the cytoskeleton. It has been proposed that these structures are membrane domains in which neurotransmitter signalling might occur through a clustering of receptors and components of receptor-activated signalling cascades. The localization of these proteins in lipid rafts, which is affected by the cytoskeleton, also influences the potency and efficacy of neurotransmitter receptors and transporters. The effect of lipid rafts on neurotransmitter signalling has also been implicated in neurological and psychiatric diseases.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 February 2019
                Publication date Collection: March 2019
                Volume: 20
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1046
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of General Physiology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; iikrivoi@ 123456gmail.com
                [2 ]Institute of Neuroscience, Kazan State Medical University, Butlerova st. 49, Kazan 420012, Russia
                [3 ]Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center “Kazan Scientific Center of RAS”, P. O. Box 30, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, Kazan 420111, Russia
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: fysio@ 123456rambler.ru
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2690-9226
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1432-3455
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-20-01046
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051046
                PMC ID: 6429197
                PubMed ID: 30823359
                SO-VID: 53e7551e-19ca-4ed4-a2ed-4dbad278cec5
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 30 January 2019
                Date accepted : 24 February 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: skeletal muscle,neuromuscular transmission,safety factor,cholesterol and lipid rafts,oxysterols,synaptic vesicle cycle,quantal release,na,k-atpase,nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: skeletal muscle, neuromuscular transmission, safety factor, cholesterol and lipid rafts, oxysterols, synaptic vesicle cycle, quantal release, na,k-atpase, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

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