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      Visual orienting in children with autism: Hyper‐responsiveness to human eyes presented after a brief alerting audio‐signal, but hyporesponsiveness to eyes presented without sound

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          Abstract

          Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has been associated with reduced orienting to social stimuli such as eyes, but the results are inconsistent. It is not known whether atypicalities in phasic alerting could play a role in putative altered social orienting in ASD. Here, we show that in unisensory (visual) trials, children with ASD are slower to orient to eyes (among distractors) than controls matched for age, sex, and nonverbal IQ. However, in another condition where a brief spatially nonpredictive sound was presented just before the visual targets, this group effect was reversed. Our results indicate that orienting to social versus nonsocial stimuli is differently modulated by phasic alerting mechanisms in young children with ASD. Autism Res 2017, 10: 246–250. © 2016 The Authors Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Autism Research.

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          Early social attention impairments in autism: social orienting, joint attention, and attention to distress.

          Geraldine Dawson, Karen Toth, Robert Abbott … (2004)
          This study investigated social attention impairments in autism (social orienting, joint attention, and attention to another's distress) and their relations to language ability. Three- to four-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; n = 72), 3- to 4-year-old developmentally delayed children (n = 34), and 12- to 46-month-old typically developing children (n = 39), matched on mental age, were compared on measures of social orienting, joint attention, and attention to another's distress. Children with autism performed significantly worse than the comparison groups in all of these domains. Combined impairments in joint attention and social orienting were found to best distinguish young children with ASD from those without ASD. Structural equation modeling indicated that joint attention was the best predictor of concurrent language ability. Social orienting and attention to distress were indirectly related to language through their relations with joint attention. These results help to clarify the nature of social attention impairments in autism, offer clues to developmental mechanisms, and suggest targets for early intervention. ((c) 2004 APA, all rights reserved)
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            What does the amygdala contribute to social cognition?

            Ralph Adolphs (2010)
            The amygdala has received intense recent attention from neuroscientists investigating its function at the molecular, cellular, systems, cognitive, and clinical level. It clearly contributes to processing emotionally and socially relevant information, yet a unifying description and computational account have been lacking. The difficulty of tying together the various studies stems in part from the sheer diversity of approaches and species studied, in part from the amygdala's inherent heterogeneity in terms of its component nuclei, and in part because different investigators have simply been interested in different topics. Yet, a synthesis now seems close at hand in combining new results from social neuroscience with data from neuroeconomics and reward learning. The amygdala processes a psychological stimulus dimension related to saliency or relevance; mechanisms have been identified to link it to processing unpredictability; and insights from reward learning have situated it within a network of structures that include the prefrontal cortex and the ventral striatum in processing the current value of stimuli. These aspects help to clarify the amygdala's contributions to recognizing emotion from faces, to social behavior toward conspecifics, and to reward learning and instrumental behavior.
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              Phasic alerting of neglect patients overcomes their spatial deficit in visual awareness.

              I. Robertson, J B Mattingley, C Rorden … (1998)
              Patients with extensive damage to the right hemisphere of their brain often exhibit unilateral neglect of the left side of space. The spatial attention of these patients is strongly biased towards the right, so their awareness of visual events on the left is impaired. Extensive right-hemisphere lesions also impair tonic alertness (the ability to maintain arousal). This nonspatial deficit in alertness is often considered to be a different problem from spatial neglect, but the two impairments may be linked. If so, then phasically increasing the patients' alertness should temporarily ameliorate their spatial bias in awareness. Here we provide evidence to support this theory. Right-hemisphere-neglect patients judged whether a visual event on the left preceded or followed a comparable event on the right. They became aware of left events half a second later than right events on average. This spatial imbalance in the time course of visual awareness was corrected when a warning sound alerted the patients phasically. Even a warning sound on the right accelerated the perception of left visual events in this way. Nonspatial phasic alerting can thus overcome disabling spatial biases in perceptual awareness after brain injury.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Johan Lundin Kleberg: johan.lundin_kleberg@psyk.uu.se
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Autism Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Autism Res
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)1939-3806
                Journal ID (publisher-id): AUR
                Title: Autism Research
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 1939-3792
                ISSN (Electronic): 1939-3806
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 July 2016
                Publication date (Print): February 2017
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 2 ( doiID: 10.1002/aur.2017.10.issue-2 )
                Pages: 246-250
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of PsychologyUppsala University UppsalaSweden
                [ 2 ] Department of Women's and Children's HealthCenter of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Karolinska institutet StockholmSweden
                Author notes
                [*] [* ]Address for correspondence and reprints: Johan Lundin Kleberg, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Box 1225, Uppsala 751 42, Sweden. E‐mail: johan.lundin_kleberg@ 123456psyk.uu.se
                Article
                Publisher ID: AUR1668
                DOI: 10.1002/aur.1668
                PMC ID: 5324587
                PubMed ID: 27454075
                SO-VID: 53ef9b6e-3b26-4b74-a902-afd84425cd52
                Copyright © © 2016 The Authors Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Autism Research.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                Date received : 03 March 2016
                Date revision received : 08 June 2016
                Date accepted : 13 June 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, Pages: 5, Words: 3205
                Funding
                Funded by: Swedish Research Council
                Award ID: 2015‐03670
                Funded by: Stiftelsen Riksbankens jubileumsfond
                Award ID: NHS14‐1802:1
                Funded by: Strategic Research Area Neuroscience at Karolinska Institutet (StratNeuro)
                Categories
                Subject: Short Report
                Subject: Short Report
                Subject: Psychology
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                component-id aur1668
                cover-date February 2017
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.0.7 mode:remove_FC converted:24.02.2017

                Keywords: autism,social orienting,eye tracking,phasic alerting,arousal,face perception
                Data availability:
                Keywords: autism, social orienting, eye tracking, phasic alerting, arousal, face perception

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