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      Fulminant Emphysematous Pyelonephritis by Candida glabrata in a Kidney Allograft

      case-report

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          Abstract

          Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a rare and serious necrotizing infection that is potentially life-threatening. It has been seldom reported in kidney grafts and is usually caused by Gram-negative bacteria, with some case reports caused by anaerobic bacteria, and has been closely associated with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (DM) and urinary tract structural abnormalities. There are no reports of EPN of fungal etiology in kidney grafts. We present a case of a 53-year-old kidney transplant recipient with a history of DM, active vesicoureteral reflux, and recurrent urinary tract infections who developed EPN in the kidney allograft caused by Candida glabrata, 3 weeks after starting treatment with empagliflozin, with an aggressive course that required urgent transplant nephrectomy.

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          Most cited references31

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          Efficacy and Safety of Empagliflozin in Renal Transplant Recipients With Posttransplant Diabetes Mellitus

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            Caspofungin in the treatment of symptomatic candiduria.

            Because the urine concentrations achieved by echinocandin antifungal agents are low, drugs from this class are excluded from consideration when candiduria treatment is selected.
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              Characterization of echinocandin-resistant mutants of Candida albicans: genetic, biochemical, and virulence studies.

              The pneumocandins are potent antifungal agents of the echinocandin class which are under development for use as broad-spectrum antimycotic therapy. One important consideration for any new therapeutic class for treating serious fungal infections is the potential for drug resistance development. In this study we have isolated and characterized four independent spontaneous Candida albicans mutants resistant to the potent semisynthetic pneumocandin L-733,560. These mutants have many of the properties of FKS1/ETG1 echinocandin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, including (i) cross-resistance to other 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase inhibitors, such as papulacandin and echinocandins, but no change in sensitivity to other antifungal agents; (ii) in vitro glucan synthase activity that is more resistant to pneumocandins than the wild-type parent enzyme; and (iii) semidominant drug resistance in spheroplast fusion strains. The mutants were compared with C. albicans echinocandin-resistant mutants isolated by mutagenesis by L. Beckford and D. Kerridge (mutant M-2) (abstr. PS3.11, in Proceedings of the XI Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology, Montreal, Canada, 1992) and by A. Cassone, R. E. Mason, and D. Kerridge (mutant CA-2) (Sabouraudia 19:97-110, 1981). All of the strains had resistant enzyme activity in vitro. M-2 grew poorly and had low levels of enzyme activity. In contrast, CA-2 and the spontaneous mutants grew as well as the parents and had normal levels of glucan synthase activity. These results suggest that these resistant mutants may have alterations in glucan synthase. CA-2 was unable to form germ tubes, an ability retained by the spontaneous mutants. The virulence of the spontaneous mutants was unimpaired in a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis, while M-2 and CA-2 were 2 orders of magnitude less virulent than their parent strains. Significantly, mice challenged with the spontaneous mutant CAI4R1 responded therapeutically to lower levels of L-733,560 than would he predicted by the increase in in vitro susceptibility.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                NEF
                Nephron
                10.1159/issn.1660-8151
                Nephron
                S. Karger AG
                1660-8151
                2235-3186
                2020
                June 2020
                28 April 2020
                : 144
                : 6
                : 304-309
                Affiliations
                [_a] aNephrology Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
                [_b] bInternal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
                [_c] cNephrology Department, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
                Author notes
                *Dr. Amir Shabaka, Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, C/Budapest, 1, ES–28922 Alcorcón, Madrid (Spain), amirshabaka@hotmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7039-4701
                Article
                507259 Nephron 2020;144:304–309
                10.1159/000507259
                32344404
                54078bb4-b05c-4572-9910-fc911091aa7c
                © 2020 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                : 12 February 2020
                : 14 March 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 3, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Clinical Practice: Case Report

                Cardiovascular Medicine,Nephrology
                Diabetes mellitus, Candida glabrata ,Fungal pyelonephritis,Kidney transplant,Candiduria,Empagliflozin,Urinary tract infection

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