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      Identification of chemosensory genes in the stingless bee Tetragonisca fiebrigi

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          Abstract

          Reception of chemical information from the environment is crucial for insects' survival and reproduction. The chemosensory reception mainly occurs by the antennae and mouth parts of the insect, when the stimulus contacts the chemoreceptors located within the sensilla. Chemosensory receptor genes have been well-studied in some social hymenopterans such as ants, honeybees, and wasps. However, although stingless bees are the most representative group of eusocial bees, little is known about their odorant, gustatory, and ionotropic receptor genes. Here, we analyze the transcriptome of the proboscis and antennae of the stingless bee Tetragonisca fiebrigi. We identified and annotated 9 gustatory and 15 ionotropic receptors. Regarding the odorant receptors, we identified 204, and we were able to annotate 161 of them. In addition, we compared the chemosensory receptor genes of T. fiebrigi with those annotated for other species of Hymenoptera. We found that T. fiebrigi showed the largest number of odorant receptors compared with other bees. Genetic expansions were identified in the subfamilies 9-exon, which was also expanded in ants and paper wasps; in G02A, including receptors potentially mediating social behavior; and in GUnC, which has been related to pollen and nectar scent detection. Our study provides the first report of chemosensory receptor genes in T. fiebrigi and represents a resource for future molecular and physiological research in this and other stingless bee species.

          Most cited references62

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          Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) v5: an online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation

          The Interactive Tree Of Life ( https://itol.embl.de ) is an online tool for the display, manipulation and annotation of phylogenetic and other trees. It is freely available and open to everyone. iTOL version 5 introduces a completely new tree display engine, together with numerous new features. For example, a new dataset type has been added (MEME motifs), while annotation options have been expanded for several existing ones. Node metadata display options have been extended and now also support non-numerical categorical values, as well as multiple values per node. Direct manual annotation is now available, providing a set of basic drawing and labeling tools, allowing users to draw shapes, labels and other features by hand directly onto the trees. Support for tree and dataset scales has been extended, providing fine control over line and label styles. Unrooted tree displays can now use the equal-daylight algorithm, proving a much greater display clarity. The user account system has been streamlined and expanded with new navigation options and currently handles >1 million trees from >70 000 individual users. Graphical Abstract iTOL: an online tool for the tree display and annotation.
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            Pfam: The protein families database in 2021

            Abstract The Pfam database is a widely used resource for classifying protein sequences into families and domains. Since Pfam was last described in this journal, over 350 new families have been added in Pfam 33.1 and numerous improvements have been made to existing entries. To facilitate research on COVID-19, we have revised the Pfam entries that cover the SARS-CoV-2 proteome, and built new entries for regions that were not covered by Pfam. We have reintroduced Pfam-B which provides an automatically generated supplement to Pfam and contains 136 730 novel clusters of sequences that are not yet matched by a Pfam family. The new Pfam-B is based on a clustering by the MMseqs2 software. We have compared all of the regions in the RepeatsDB to those in Pfam and have started to use the results to build and refine Pfam repeat families. Pfam is freely available for browsing and download at http://pfam.xfam.org/.
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              UniProt: the Universal Protein Knowledgebase in 2023

              (2022)
              The aim of the UniProt Knowledgebase is to provide users with a comprehensive, high-quality and freely accessible set of protein sequences annotated with functional information. In this publication we describe enhancements made to our data processing pipeline and to our website to adapt to an ever-increasing information content. The number of sequences in UniProtKB has risen to over 227 million and we are working towards including a reference proteome for each taxonomic group. We continue to extract detailed annotations from the literature to update or create reviewed entries, while unreviewed entries are supplemented with annotations provided by automated systems using a variety of machine-learning techniques. In addition, the scientific community continues their contributions of publications and annotations to UniProt entries of their interest. Finally, we describe our new website ( https://www.uniprot.org/ ), designed to enhance our users’ experience and make our data easily accessible to the research community. This interface includes access to AlphaFold structures for more than 85% of all entries as well as improved visualisations for subcellular localisation of proteins.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                G3 (Bethesda)
                Genetics
                g3journal
                G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics
                Oxford University Press (US )
                2160-1836
                May 2024
                18 March 2024
                18 March 2024
                : 14
                : 5
                : jkae060
                Affiliations
                Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Universidad de Buenos Aires—CONICET , CABA C1428EGA, Argentina
                Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , CABA C1428EGA, Argentina
                Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Universidad de Buenos Aires—CONICET , CABA C1428EGA, Argentina
                Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , CABA C1428EGA, Argentina
                Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Universidad de Buenos Aires—CONICET , CABA C1428EGA, Argentina
                Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , CABA C1428EGA, Argentina
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Email: msbalbuena@ 123456agro.uba.ar . Present address: Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA), CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA C1417DSE, Argentina

                Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6139-8484
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6411-489X
                Article
                jkae060
                10.1093/g3journal/jkae060
                11075565
                38498593
                5416d501-1794-4e12-90d7-dccba2072e5c
                © The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Genetics Society of America.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 15 January 2024
                : 02 March 2024
                : 04 April 2024
                Page count
                Pages: 10
                Funding
                Funded by: National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina;
                Award ID: PIBAA 2022-2023
                Award ID: PIP 11220200102201CO
                Funded by: National Agency for Scientific and Technological Promotion;
                Award ID: PICT 2020
                Award ID: PICT 2019 2438
                Funded by: University of Buenos Aires, DOI 10.13039/501100005363;
                Categories
                Investigation
                AcademicSubjects/SCI01180
                AcademicSubjects/SCI01140

                Genetics
                stingless bees,tetragonisca fiebrigi,chemosensory genes,transcriptome
                Genetics
                stingless bees, tetragonisca fiebrigi, chemosensory genes, transcriptome

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