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      Lignin-Based Spherical Structures and Their Use for Improvement of Cilazapril Stability in Solid State

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          Abstract

          Biopolymer-based spherical particles exhibit unique properties including narrow sizes and many functional groups on their surfaces. Therefore, they show great potential for application in many scientific and industrial processes. The main aim of this study was to prepare lignin-based spherical particles with the use of a cationic surfactant, hexadecyl(trimethyl)ammonium bromide (CTAB). In the first step, different preparation procedures were tested with varying parameters, including biopolymer and surfactant ratios, lignin filtration, and experimental time. The morphological and dispersion characteristics of the materials were determined to select the best samples with the most promising properties, which could then be tested for their acute toxicity. It was observed that almost all materials were characterized by spherical shapes in micro- and nanosizes. The sample with the best physicochemical properties was used for further analysis and then tested for medical applications: the improvement of the stability of a drug molecule, cilazapril (CIL). The formulated material (CIL@LC-2a 1:1 wt./wt.) exhibited outstanding properties and significantly improved the stability of cilazapril as tested in conditions of increased temperature and humidity. Lignin spherical particles may be employed as a promising material for shielding other active compounds from decomposition.

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          Chemical modification of lignins: Towards biobased polymers

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            Progress in Green Polymer Composites from Lignin for Multifunctional Applications: A Review

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              A simple process for lignin nanoparticle preparation

              A simple method to produce stable aqueous dispersions of spherical anionic or cationic lignin nanoparticles from softwood kraft lignin was developed. A lack of renewable resources and their inefficient use is a major challenge facing the society. Lignin is a natural biopolymer obtained mainly as a by-product from the pulp- and paper-making industries, and is primarily burned to produce energy. However, interest for using lignin in more advanced applications has increased rapidly. In particular, lignin based nanoparticles could find potential use in functional surface coatings, nanoglue, drug delivery, and microfluidic devices. In this work, a straightforward method to produce lignin nanoparticles from waste lignin obtained from kraft pulping is introduced. Spherical lignin nanoparticles were obtained by dissolving softwood kraft lignin in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and subsequently introducing water into the system through dialysis. No chemical modification of lignin was needed. Water acts as a non-solvent reducing lignin's degrees of freedom causing the segregation of hydrophobic regions to compartments within the forming nanoparticles. The final size of the nanoparticles depended on the pre-dialysis concentration of dissolved lignin. The stability of the nanoparticle dispersion as a function of time, salt concentration and pH was studied. In pure water and at room temperature the lignin nanoparticle dispersion was stable for over two months, but a very low pH or high salt concentration induced aggregation. It was further demonstrated that the surface charge of the particles could be reversed and stable cationic lignin nanoparticles were produced by adsorption of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Molecules
                Molecules
                molecules
                Molecules
                MDPI
                1420-3049
                09 July 2020
                July 2020
                : 25
                : 14
                : 3150
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland; malgorzata.m.stanisz@ 123456doctorate.put.poznan.pl (M.S.); lukasz.klapiszewski@ 123456put.poznan.pl (Ł.K.)
                [2 ]Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, PL-60780 Poznan, Poland; mlynarczykd@ 123456ump.edu.pl
                [3 ]Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, PL-60780 Poznan, Poland; bstanisz@ 123456ump.edu.pl
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: teofil.jesionowski@ 123456put.poznan.pl ; Tel.: +48-61-665-37-20
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7587-8465
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6055-2606
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3583-0752
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4611-7039
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7808-8060
                Article
                molecules-25-03150
                10.3390/molecules25143150
                7397289
                32660132
                5439d5f4-4f7c-4acc-90ee-45998b728acf
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 01 June 2020
                : 07 July 2020
                Categories
                Article

                biopolymers,spherical particles,surfactants,cilazapril,drug stability

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