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      Genetic differences in host infectivity affect disease spread and survival in epidemics

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          Abstract

          Survival during an epidemic is partly determined by host genetics. While quantitative genetic studies typically consider survival as an indicator for disease resistance (an individual’s propensity to avoid becoming infected or diseased), mortality rates of populations undergoing an epidemic are also affected by endurance (the propensity of diseased individual to survive the infection) and infectivity (i.e. the propensity of an infected individual to transmit disease). Few studies have demonstrated genetic variation in disease endurance, and no study has demonstrated genetic variation in host infectivity, despite strong evidence for considerable phenotypic variation in this trait. Here we propose an experimental design and statistical models for estimating genetic diversity in all three host traits. Using an infection model in fish we provide, for the first time, direct evidence for genetic variation in host infectivity, in addition to variation in resistance and endurance. We also demonstrate how genetic differences in these three traits contribute to survival. Our results imply that animals can evolve different disease response types affecting epidemic survival rates, with important implications for understanding and controlling epidemics.

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          Most cited references35

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          From evolutionary genetics to human immunology: how selection shapes host defence genes.

          Pathogens have always been a major cause of human mortality, so they impose strong selective pressure on the human genome. Data from population genetic studies, including genome-wide scans for selection, are providing important insights into how natural selection has shaped immunity and host defence genes in specific human populations and in the human species as a whole. These findings are helping to delineate genes that are important for host defence and to increase our understanding of how past selection has had an impact on disease susceptibility in modern populations. A tighter integration between population genetic studies and immunological phenotype studies is now necessary to reveal the mechanisms that have been crucial for our past and present survival against infection.
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            The logrank test.

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              Heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: Implications for the design of control programs

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                osvaldo.anacleto@gmail.com
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                20 March 2019
                20 March 2019
                2019
                : 9
                : 4924
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7988, GRID grid.4305.2, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, , University of Edinburgh, ; Edinburgh, UK
                [2 ]Centro Tecnológico del Cluster de la Acuicultura (CETGA), A Coruña, Spain
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2300 669X, GRID grid.419190.4, Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA, ; Madrid, Spain
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0722, GRID grid.11899.38, Present Address: Institute of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, , University of São Paulo, ; São Carlos, Brazil
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3866-8810
                Article
                40567
                10.1038/s41598-019-40567-w
                6426847
                30894567
                543ab9af-6dce-46f6-9ab2-c66709f51bba
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 11 April 2018
                : 12 February 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: see paper
                Funded by: see Paper
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