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      Comparative analysis of chromosome numbers and sex chromosome systems in Paraneoptera (Insecta)

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          Abstract

          This article is part (the 4 th article) of the themed issue (a monograph) “Aberrant cytogenetic and reproductive patterns in the evolution of Paraneoptera ”. The purpose of this article is to consider chromosome structure and evolution, chromosome numbers and sex chromosome systems, which all together constitute the chromosomal basis of reproduction and are essential for reproductive success. We are based on our own observations and literature data available for all major lineages of Paraneoptera including Zoraptera (angel insects), Copeognatha (= Psocoptera ; bark lice), Parasita (= Phthiraptera s. str; true lice), Thysanoptera (thrips), Homoptera (scale insects, aphids, jumping plant-lice, whiteflies, and true hoppers), Heteroptera (true bugs), and Coleorrhyncha (moss bugs). Terminology, nomenclature, classification, and the study methods are given in the first paper of the issue ( Gavrilov-Zimin et al. 2021).

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          Genome sequences of the human body louse and its primary endosymbiont provide insights into the permanent parasitic lifestyle.

          As an obligatory parasite of humans, the body louse (Pediculus humanus humanus) is an important vector for human diseases, including epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, and trench fever. Here, we present genome sequences of the body louse and its primary bacterial endosymbiont Candidatus Riesia pediculicola. The body louse has the smallest known insect genome, spanning 108 Mb. Despite its status as an obligate parasite, it retains a remarkably complete basal insect repertoire of 10,773 protein-coding genes and 57 microRNAs. Representing hemimetabolous insects, the genome of the body louse thus provides a reference for studies of holometabolous insects. Compared with other insect genomes, the body louse genome contains significantly fewer genes associated with environmental sensing and response, including odorant and gustatory receptors and detoxifying enzymes. The unique architecture of the 18 minicircular mitochondrial chromosomes of the body louse may be linked to the loss of the gene encoding the mitochondrial single-stranded DNA binding protein. The genome of the obligatory louse endosymbiont Candidatus Riesia pediculicola encodes less than 600 genes on a short, linear chromosome and a circular plasmid. The plasmid harbors a unique arrangement of genes required for the synthesis of pantothenate, an essential vitamin deficient in the louse diet. The human body louse, its primary endosymbiont, and the bacterial pathogens that it vectors all possess genomes reduced in size compared with their free-living close relatives. Thus, the body louse genome project offers unique information and tools to use in advancing understanding of coevolution among vectors, symbionts, and pathogens.
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            B-chromosome evolution.

            B chromosomes are extra chromosomes to the standard complement that occur in many organisms. They can originate in a number of ways including derivation from autosomes and sex chromosomes in intra- and interspecies crosses. Their subsequent molecular evolution resembles that of univalent sex chromosomes, which involves gene silencing, heterochromatinization and the accumulation of repetitive DNA and transposons. B-chromosome frequencies in populations result from a balance between their transmission rates and their effects on host fitness. Their long-term evolution is considered to be the outcome of selection on the host genome to eliminate B chromosomes or suppress their effects and on the B chromosome's ability to escape through the generation of new variants. Because B chromosomes interact with the standard chromosomes, they can play an important role in genome evolution and may be useful for studying molecular evolutionary processes.
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              Plant Speciation

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Comp Cytogenet
                Comp Cytogenet
                8
                urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:A71ED5FC-60ED-5DA3-AC8E-F6D2BB5B3573
                urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C8FA3ADA-5585-4F26-9215-A520EE683979
                Comparative Cytogenetics
                Pensoft Publishers
                1993-0771
                1993-078X
                2021
                27 September 2021
                : 15
                : 3
                : 279-327
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya emb. 1, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg Russia
                [2 ] Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Blvd Tsar Osvoboditel 1, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Valentina G. Kuznetsova ( valentina_kuznetsova@ 123456yahoo.com )

                Academic editor: Desislava Stoianova

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8386-5453
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1993-5984
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3196-8068
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6048-9253
                Article
                71866
                10.3897/CompCytogen.v15.i3.71866
                8490342
                34616525
                54752aac-d67e-4929-9113-1a0db1aa822e
                Valentina G. Kuznetsova, Ilya A. Gavrilov-Zimin, Snejana M. Grozeva, Natalia V. Golub

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 20 July 2021
                : 06 September 2021
                Funding
                Bilateral Russian-Bulgarian research grant no. 19-54-18002 from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and from the National Science Fund of Bulgaria (Ministry of Education and Science)
                Categories
                Review Article
                Insecta
                Evolutionary Biology
                Reproductive Biology
                Systematics
                Cenozoic
                World

                chromosome number variability,holokinetic chromosomes,monocentric chromosomes,rates of chromosome number evolution,sex chromosomes

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