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      ActiGraph GT3X+ and Actical Wrist and Hip Worn Accelerometers for Sleep and Wake Indices in Young Children Using an Automated Algorithm: Validation With Polysomnography

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          Abstract

          Objectives: Our count-scaled algorithm automatically scores sleep across 24 hours to process sleep timing, quantity, and quality. The aim of this study was to validate the algorithm against overnight PSG in children to determine the best site placement for sleep.

          Methods: 28 children (5–8 years) with no history of sleep disturbance wore two types of accelerometers (ActiGraph GT3X+ and Actical) at two sites (left hip, non-dominant wrist) for 24-h. Data were processed using the count-scaled algorithm. PSG data were collected using an in-home Type 2 device. PSG-actigraphy epoch sensitivity (sleep agreement) and specificity (wake agreement) were determined and sleep outcomes compared for timing (onset and offset), quantity [sleep period time (SPT) and total sleep time (TST)], and quality metrics [sleep efficiency and waking after sleep onset (WASO)].

          Results: Overall, sensitivities were high (89.1% to 99.5%) and specificities low (21.1% to 45.7%). Sleep offset was accurately measured by actigraphy, regardless of brand or placement site. By contrast, sleep onset agreed with PSG using hip-positioned but not wrist-positioned devices (difference ActiGraph : PSG 21 min, P < .001; Actical : PSG 14 min, P < .001). The ActiGraph at the wrist accurately detected WASO and sleep efficiency, but under (−34 min, P < .001) and overestimated (5.8%, P < .001) these at the hip. The Actical under- and over-estimated these variables respectively at both sites. Results for TST varied ranging from significant differences to PSG of −26 to 21 min (ActiGraph wrist and hip respectively) and 9 min (ns) to 59 min for Actical (wrist and hip respectively).

          Conclusion: Overall the count-scaled algorithm produced high sensitivity at the expense of low specificity in comparison with PSG. A best site placement for estimates of all sleep variables could not be determined, but overall the results suggested ActiGraph GT3X+ at the hip may be superior for sleep timing and quantity metrics, whereas the wrist may be superior for sleep quality metrics. Both devices placed at the hip performed well for sleep timing but not for sleep quality. Differences are likely linked to freedom of movement of the wrist vs the trunk (hip) during overnight sleep.

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          Most cited references28

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          Sleep health: can we define it? Does it matter?

          Good sleep is essential to good health. Yet for most of its history, sleep medicine has focused on the definition, identification, and treatment of sleep problems. Sleep health is a term that is infrequently used and even less frequently defined. It is time for us to change this. Indeed, pressures in the research, clinical, and regulatory environments require that we do so. The health of populations is increasingly defined by positive attributes such as wellness, performance, and adaptation, and not merely by the absence of disease. Sleep health can be defined in such terms. Empirical data demonstrate several dimensions of sleep that are related to health outcomes, and that can be measured with self-report and objective methods. One suggested definition of sleep health and a description of self-report items for measuring it are provided as examples. The concept of sleep health synergizes with other health care agendas, such as empowering individuals and communities, improving population health, and reducing health care costs. Promoting sleep health also offers the field of sleep medicine new research and clinical opportunities. In this sense, defining sleep health is vital not only to the health of populations and individuals, but also to the health of sleep medicine itself.
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            The technology of accelerometry-based activity monitors: current and future.

            This paper reviews accelerometry-based activity monitors, including single-site first-generation devices, emerging technologies, and analytical approaches to predict energy expenditure, with suggestions for further research and development. The physics and measurement principles of the accelerometer are described, including the sensor properties, data collections, filtering, and integration analyses. The paper also compares these properties in several commonly used single-site accelerometers. The emerging accelerometry technologies introduced include the multisensor arrays and the combination of accelerometers with physiological sensors. The outputs of accelerometers are compared with criterion measures of energy expenditure (indirect calorimeters and double-labeled water) to develop mathematical models (linear, nonlinear, and variability approaches). The technologies of the sensor and data processing directly influence the results of the outcome measurement (activity counts and energy expenditure predictions). Multisite assessment and combining accelerometers with physiological measures may offer additional advantages. Nonlinear approaches to predict energy expenditure using accelerometer outputs from multiple sites and orientation can enhance accuracy. The development of portable accelerometers has made objective assessments of physical activity possible. Future technological improvements will include examining raw acceleration signals and developing advanced models for accurate energy expenditure predictions.
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              Daily physical activity assessment with accelerometers: new insights and validation studies.

              The field of application of accelerometry is diverse and ever expanding. Because by definition all physical activities lead to energy expenditure, the doubly labelled water (DLW) method as gold standard to assess total energy expenditure over longer periods of time is the method of choice to validate accelerometers in their ability to assess daily physical activities. The aim of this paper was to provide a systematic overview of all recent (2007-2011) accelerometer validation studies using DLW as the reference. The PubMed Central database was searched using the following keywords: doubly or double labelled or labeled water in combination with accelerometer, accelerometry, motion sensor, or activity monitor. Limits were set to include articles from 2007 to 2011, as earlier publications were covered in a previous review. In total, 38 articles were identified, of which 25 were selected to contain sufficient new data. Eighteen different accelerometers were validated. There was a large variability in accelerometer output and their validity to assess daily physical activity. Activity type recognition has great potential to improve the assessment of physical activity-related health outcomes. So far, there is little evidence that adding other physiological measures such as heart rate significantly improves the estimation of energy expenditure. © 2013 The Authors. obesity reviews © 2013 International Association for the Study of Obesity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychiatry
                Front Psychiatry
                Front. Psychiatry
                Frontiers in Psychiatry
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-0640
                14 January 2020
                2019
                : 10
                : 958
                Affiliations
                [1] 1 Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand
                [2] 2 Department of Medicine, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand
                Author notes

                Edited by: Karen Spruyt, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), France

                Reviewed by: Axel Steiger, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany; Jonatan R. Ruiz, University of Granada, Spain; Gerhard Kloesch, Medical University of Vienna, Austria

                *Correspondence: Kim Meredith-Jones, kim.meredith-jones@ 123456otago.ac.nz

                This article was submitted to Sleep Disorders, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00958
                6970953
                31992999
                5494aede-c9b4-4d52-a4a4-fa88022abd4f
                Copyright © 2020 Smith, Galland, Taylor and Meredith-Jones

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 29 July 2019
                : 04 December 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 46, Pages: 12, Words: 7197
                Categories
                Psychiatry
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                actigraph,accelerometer,sleep,physical activity,24-h,polysomnography,children

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