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      An in vivo cytogenetic analysis of human oral squamous cell carcinoma

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Oral cancer ranks in the top three of all cancers in India, which accounts for over 30% of all cancers reported in the country. The micronucleus test (MNT) is one of the most widely applied short term tests used in genetic toxicology to evaluate the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity.

          Aims:

          The present study aims at an in vivo cytogenetic analysis of human oral squamous cell carcinoma and to assess the applicability of MNT in diagnosing early detection of oral carcinoma.

          Materials and Methods:

          Exfoliated scrape smears were collected from the clinically diagnosed 136 patients suffering from oral precancerous and cancerous lesions. The wet fixed smears were stained by adopting Papanicolaou's staining protocol and counter-stained with Giemsa's solution.

          Results:

          The frequency of micronucleated cells has been observed to be in increasing order with the increase of the age-groups and from control to precancerous to cancerous cases significantly in both sexes.

          Conclusion:

          Micronucleus formation in the oral mucosa could be a biomarker of genetic damage and also a potential onco-indicator in the long run of oral carcinogenesis. Therefore, MNT can be applied for the early detection of oral carcinoma in the human being.

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          Most cited references24

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          Genetic progression model for head and neck cancer: implications for field cancerization.

          A genetic progression model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma has not yet been elucidated, and the genetic basis for "field cancerization" of the aerodigestive tract has also remained obscure. Eighty-seven lesions of the head and neck, including preinvasive lesions and benign lesions associated with carcinogen exposure, were tested using microsatellite analysis for allelic loss at 10 major chromosomal loci which have been defined previously. The spectrum of chromosomal loss progressively increased at each histopathological step from benign hyperplasia to dysplasia to carcinoma in situ to invasive cancer. Adjacent areas of tissue with different histopathological appearance shared common genetic changes, but the more histopathologically advanced areas exhibited additional genetic alterations. Abnormal mucosal cells surrounding preinvasive and microinvasive lesions shared common genetic alterations with those lesions and thus appear to arise from a single progenitor clone. Based on these findings, the local clinical phenomenon of field cancerization seems to involve the expansion and migration of clonally related preneoplastic cells.
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            The micronucleus assay in human buccal cells as a tool for biomonitoring DNA damage: the HUMN project perspective on current status and knowledge gaps.

            The micronucleus (MN) assay in exfoliated buccal cells is a useful and minimally invasive method for monitoring genetic damage in humans. This overview has concluded that although MN assay in buccal cells has been used since the 1980s to demonstrate cytogenetic effects of environmental and occupational exposures, lifestyle factors, dietary deficiencies, and different diseases, important knowledge gaps remain about the characteristics of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities, the basic biology explaining the appearance of various cell types in buccal mucosa samples and effects of diverse staining procedures and scoring criteria in laboratories around the world. To address these uncertainties, the human micronucleus project (HUMN; see http://www.humn.org) has initiated a new international validation project for the buccal cell MN assay similar to that previously performed using human lymphocytes. Future research should explore sources of variability in the assay (e.g. between laboratories and scorers, as well as inter- and intra-individual differences in subjects), and resolve key technical issues, such as the method of buccal cell staining, optimal criteria for classification of normal and degenerated cells and for scoring micronuclei and other abnormalities. The harmonization and standardization of the buccal MN assay will allow more reliable comparison of the data among human populations and laboratories, evaluation of the assay's performance, and consolidation of its world-wide use for biomonitoring of DNA damage.
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              Challenges of the Oral Cancer Burden in India

              Ken Coelho (2012)
              Oral cancer ranks in the top three of all cancers in India, which accounts for over thirty per cent of all cancers reported in the country and oral cancer control is quickly becoming a global health priority. This paper provides a synopsis of the incidence of oral cancer in India by focusing on its measurement in cancer registries across the country. Based on the International Classification of Disease case definition adopted by the World Health Organisation, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer, this review systematically examines primary and secondary data where the incidence or prevalence of oral cancer is known to be directly reported. Variability in age-adjusted incidence with crude incidence is projected to increase by 2030. Challenges focus on measurement of disease incidence and disease-specific risk behavior, predominantly, alcohol, and tobacco use. Future research should be aimed at improving quality of data for early detection and prevention of oral cancer.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                South Asian J Cancer
                South Asian J Cancer
                SAJC
                South Asian Journal of Cancer
                Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                2278-330X
                2278-4306
                Jul-Sep 2015
                : 4
                : 3
                : 123-126
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneshwar, India
                [1 ]Department of Oncopathology, Acharya Harihar Regional Cancer Center, Cuttack, Odisha, India
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Dr. Abhimanyu Mohanta, E-mail: amohanta01@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                SAJC-4-123
                10.4103/2278-330X.173178
                4756486
                26942142
                54a04c97-152f-48eb-9118-d2de7615a93d
                Copyright: © South Asian Journal of Cancer

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

                History
                Categories
                HEAD AND NECK CANCERS: Original Article

                exfoliated scrape smear,micronucleated cell,micronucleus test,precancerous and cancerous epithelium,nuclear entropy,carcinogenicity and pathogenicity

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