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      Does nutritional treatment in patients with dysphagia affect malnutrition and anxiety? Translated title: Afecta el tratamiento nutricional de los pacientes con disfagia a la desnutrición y la ansiedad?

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          Abstract

          Abstract Introduction: dysphagia is common in patients with cerebrovascular disease (CVD), with an incidence reported to be 35 %-50 %. Dysphagia can result in malnutrition, dehydration, and death, and negatively affects anxiety levels. Objectives: this study aimed to evaluate the effects of recommended nutritional treatment (NT) on nutritional status and anxiety levels in patients with dysphagia based on clinical and fiber-optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) tests. Methods: seventy-five patients over the age of 50 who were diagnosed with CVD, hospitalized at the Mersin City Research and Training Hospital, Neurology Clinic, from October 2019 to January 2020 were followed up for the study. The FEES test was performed to diagnose dysphagia in CVD patients. Anthropometric measurements of the patients were taken to calculate their body mass index (BMI) values. To determine a patient's daily energy and food intake, 24-h food recalls were taken, and the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) test was used to identify patients at risk of malnutrition. State (SAI)-Trait Anxiety Inventories (TAI) were used to determine instant and general anxiety levels. After patient evaluations NT was provided. All evaluations were repeated 8 weeks after NT. Our study was carried out based on a longitudinal design since we worked with the same units at two different time points. Results: post-NT SAI scores were significantly lower than pre-NT scores (p < 0.05). A moderate correlation was found between pre- and post-NT SAI scores and daily energy and fluid intake status, and between TAI scores and daily energy, fat, and fluid intake amounts (p < 0.05). Post-NT SAI scores significantly decreased with both NRS 2002 and BMI values (p < 0.05). Conclusions: this study highlights the importance of NT in improving rehabilitation outcomes of patients with dysphagia. Since exercises such as postural techniques or maneuvers, and muscle strengthening to reduce swallowing difficulties are an important part of NT for dysphagia, a multidisciplinary study is required for the management of dysphagia, and further studies are needed on this subject.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Introducción: la disfagia es común en los pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular (ECV). Se ha informado de que aparece entre el 35 % y el 50 % de estos pacientes. La disfagia puede provocar desnutrición, deshidratación y muerte, y afecta los niveles de ansiedad. Objetivos: este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos del tratamiento nutricional recomendado (TN) sobre el estado nutricional y los niveles de ansiedad en pacientes con disfagia diagnosticada a partir de pruebas clínicas y de la evaluación endoscópica de la deglución por fibra óptica (FEES). Métodos: se realizó un seguimiento para el estudio de 75 pacientes mayores de 50 años con diagnóstico de ECV, hospitalizados en la Clínica de Neurología del Hospital de Investigación y Capacitación de la Ciudad de Mersin desde octubre de 2019 hasta enero de 2020. La prueba FEES se realizó para diagnosticar la disfagia en los pacientes con ECV. Se tomaron medidas antropométricas de los pacientes para calcular los valores del índice de masa corporal (IMC). Para determinar la ingesta diaria de energía y alimentos de los pacientes, se realizaron recuerdos de alimentos de 24 horas y se utilizó la prueba de evaluación del riesgo nutricional 2002 (NRS 2002) para identificar a los pacientes en riesgo de desnutrición. Se utilizaron los inventarios de ansiedad como estado (SAI) y como rasgo (TAI) para determinar los niveles de ansiedad instantánea y general. Después de las evaluaciones de los pacientes se les proporcionó TN. Todas las evaluaciones se repitieron 8 semanas después del TN. Nuestro estudio se realizó sobre la base de un diseño longitudinal, ya que trabajamos en las mismas unidades con dos tiempos diferentes. Resultados: las puntuaciones del SAI post-TN fueron significativamente más bajas que las puntuaciones previas al TN (p < 0,05). Se encontró una correlación moderada entre las puntuaciones del SAI antes y después del TN y el estado de ingesta diaria de energía y líquidos, y entre las puntuaciones del TAI y las cantidades de ingesta diaria de energía, grasas y líquidos (p < 0,05). Las puntuaciones del SAI posteriores al TN disminuyeron significativamente tanto para los valores del NRS 2002 como para los valores del IMC (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: este estudio destaca la importancia del TN para mejorar los resultados de la rehabilitación de los pacientes con disfagia. Dado que los ejercicios como las técnicas/maniobras posturales y el fortalecimiento muscular para reducir las dificultades para tragar son una parte importante del TN de la disfagia, se requiere un estudio multidisciplinario sobre el manejo de la disfagia y se necesitan más estudios sobre este tema.

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          A penetration-aspiration scale

          The development and use of an 8-point, equal-appearing interval scale to describe penetration and aspiration events are described. Scores are determined primarily by the depth to which material passes in the airway and by whether or not material entering the airway is expelled. Intra- and interjudge reliability have been established. Clinical and scientific uses of the scale are discussed.
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            Oropharyngeal dysphagia is a prevalent risk factor for malnutrition in a cohort of older patients admitted with an acute disease to a general hospital.

            Oropharyngeal dysphagia and malnutrition are prevalent conditions in the older. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between oropharyngeal dysphagia, nutritional status and clinical outcome in older patients admitted to an acute geriatric unit. We studied 1662 patients ≥70 years consecutively hospitalized with acute diseases, in whom dysphagia could be clinically assessed by the volume-viscosity swallow test and nutritional status with the Mini Nutritional Assessment(®). Anthropometric and laboratory measurements were taken and mortality recorded during hospital stay, at 6 months and one year after discharge was recorded. 47.4% (95% CI 45-49.8%) patients presented oropharyngeal dysphagia and 30.6% (95% CI 27.9%-33.3%), malnutrition. Both conditions were associated with multimorbidity, multiple geriatric syndromes and poor functional capacity (p < 0.001). However, patients with dysphagia presented increased prevalence of malnutrition (MNA(®) < 17 45.3% vs 18%, p < 0.001) regardless of their functional status and comorbidities (OR 2.31 (1.70-3.14)) and lower albumin and cholesterol levels. Patients with malnutrition presented an increased prevalence of dysphagia (68.4% (95% CI 63.3-73.4)). Patients with dysphagia and patients with malnutrition presented increased intrahospital, 6-month and 1-year mortality rates (p < 0.05). The poorest outcome was for patients with both conditions (1-year mortality was 65.8%). Prevalence of dysphagia was higher than malnutrition in our older patients. Dysphagia was an independent risk factor for malnutrition, and both conditions were related to poor outcome. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.
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              Dysphagia in the elderly: management and nutritional considerations

              Dysphagia is a prevalent difficulty among aging adults. Though increasing age facilitates subtle physiologic changes in swallow function, age-related diseases are significant factors in the presence and severity of dysphagia. Among elderly diseases and health complications, stroke and dementia reflect high rates of dysphagia. In both conditions, dysphagia is associated with nutritional deficits and increased risk of pneumonia. Recent efforts have suggested that elderly community dwellers are also at risk for dysphagia and associated deficits in nutritional status and increased pneumonia risk. Swallowing rehabilitation is an effective approach to increase safe oral intake in these populations and recent research has demonstrated extended benefits related to improved nutritional status and reduced pneumonia rates. In this manuscript, we review data describing age related changes in swallowing and discuss the relationship of dysphagia in patients following stroke, those with dementia, and in community dwelling elderly. Subsequently, we review basic approaches to dysphagia intervention including both compensatory and rehabilitative approaches. We conclude with a discussion on the positive impact of swallowing rehabilitation on malnutrition and pneumonia in elderly who either present with dysphagia or are at risk for dysphagia.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                June 2021
                : 38
                : 3
                : 533-539
                Affiliations
                [2] Mersin orgnameMersin City Education and Research Hospital Turkey
                [1] Mersin orgnameToros University orgdiv1Nutrition and Dietetics Department Turkey
                Article
                S0212-16112021000300533 S0212-1611(21)03800300533
                10.20960/nh.03430
                54e4b85d-b081-443c-9fbd-db3ec4c1e769

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 07 November 2020
                : 20 January 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 7
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Papers

                Dysphagia,Malnutrition,Nutritional status,Ansiedad,Disfagia,Desnutrición,Estado nutricional,Anxiety

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