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      Self-efficacy and enjoyment of physical activity in children: factorial validity of two pictorial scales

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          Abstract

          Background

          Self-efficacy and enjoyment are two main constructs proposed within many motivational theories in any human endeavor, sport and physical activity included.

          Methods

          The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure of two pictorial scales measuring self-efficacy and enjoyment levels in a sample of 14,035 Italian schoolchildren (7,075 boys and 6,960 girls, 6- to 7-year-olds). An important feature of the two scales is that they are in a pictorial format in order to prompt a straightforward understanding in children. The whole sample was randomly split in two subsamples according to gender and age and the factor structure of the measures was examined across subsamples.

          Results

          Data were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis, which yielded satisfactory fit indices on the measures of both subsamples. Overall findings supported the single factor structure of the scales, which can be easily administered to 6- to 7-year-old children to assess two relevant psychological constructs in physical education.

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          Most cited references31

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          Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Two Validation Studies

          Kenneth DeCarlo, Deborah Kendzierski (1991)
          Article 0 comments Cited 277 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Measuring enjoyment of physical activity in adolescent girls.

            Robert W. Motl, Rod Dishman, Ruth Saunders … (2001)
            Enjoyment has been implicated as a determinant of physical activity among youth, but advances in understanding its importance have been limited by the use of measures that were not adequately validated. The present study examined: (1) the factorial validity of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), and (2) the construct validity of PACES scores. Adolescent girls (N=1797), who were randomly assigned to calibration (n=899) and cross-validation (n=898) samples, completed the PACES and measures of factors influencing enjoyment of physical education, physical activity, and sport involvement. The factorial validity of the PACES and the measure of factors influencing enjoyment of physical education was tested using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The hypothesized relationships among the measures were tested using structural equation modeling. Unidimensional models fit the PACES and the measure of factors influencing enjoyment of physical education in the calibration and cross-validation samples. The hypothesized relationships between the PACES and the measures of factors influencing enjoyment of physical education, physical activity, and sport involvement were supported in the entire sample, were similar in African-American and Caucasian girls, and were independent of physical fitness. Evidence of factorial validity and convergent evidence for construct validity indicate that the PACES is a valid measure of physical activity enjoyment among adolescent girls, suitable for use as a mediator variable in interventions designed to increase physical activity.
            Article 0 comments Cited 134 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              A review of mediators of behavior in interventions to promote physical activity among children and adolescents.

              Charlie Foster, Charlie Foster, S Biddle (2008)
              The effectiveness of interventions to promote physical activity in youths is still developing. To develop a better understanding "what works", researchers are now focusing on constructing an evidence base for mediators of behavior change. We reviewed studies that examined the direct effect of physical activity interventions on hypothesized mediators and the relationship between mediators and physical activity in young people (aged 5 to 18 years). Studies were identified via electronic database searches and scanning references against predetermined quality criteria. We found seven studies that evaluated three mediator groups: cognitive, behavioral and interpersonal mediators. Self-efficacy was the most commonly assessed mediator in youth interventions and there was strong support for its role in mediating the relation between theory-based interventions and physical activity. There was some support for the importance of behavioral strategies as mediators of behavior, but no support for the mediating influence of interpersonal factors. Despite recognition of the importance of mediation studies, few interventions have assessed mediators of physical activity behavior in youth interventions. The small number of studies examining mediators of behavior and the variability in study design and quality prevent us from forming strong conclusions regarding the most effective mediators of behavior.
              Article 0 comments Cited 108 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Laura Bortoli
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PeerJ
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PeerJ
                Journal ID (publisher-id): peerj
                Journal ID (pmc): peerj
                Title: PeerJ
                Publisher: PeerJ Inc. (San Diego, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2167-8359
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 July 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: e7402
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Parisi-De Sanctis Institute, MIUR (Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research) , Foggia, Italy
                [2 ]School of Medicine and Health Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti, Italy
                [3 ]BIND—Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti, Italy
                [4 ]Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä, Finland
                [5 ]Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement, University of Verona , Verona, Italy
                Article
                Publisher ID: 7402
                DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7402
                PMC ID: 6673428
                PubMed ID: 31392100
                SO-VID: 54fd4112-f85d-4a44-838b-8c0ad807e109
                Copyright © ©2019 Morano et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

                History
                Date received : 3 June 2019
                Date accepted : 3 July 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: Health Department of the Abruzzo Region (Assessorato alla Sanità della Regione Abruzzo)
                The project was funded by the Health Department of the Abruzzo Region (Assessorato alla Sanità della Regione Abruzzo). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Kinesiology
                Subject: Public Health

                Keywords: physical education,primary school,psychological constructs,assessment,confirmatory factor analysis
                Data availability:
                Keywords: physical education, primary school, psychological constructs, assessment, confirmatory factor analysis

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