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      Loss of life expectancy due to respiratory infectious diseases: findings from the global burden of disease study in 195 countries and territories 1990–2017

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          Abstract

          Understanding of the patterns of and changes in mortality from respiratory infectious diseases (RID) and its contribution to loss of life expectancy (LE) is inadequate in the existing literature. With rapid sociodemographic changes globally, and the current COVID-19 pandemic, it is timely to revisit the disease burden of RID. Using the approaches of life table and cause-eliminated life table based on data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD), the study analyses loss of LE due to RID in 195 countries/territories and its changes during the period 1990–2017. Results indicate that loss of LE due to RID stood at 1.29 years globally in 2017 globally and varied widely by age, gender, and geographic location, with men, elderly people, and populations in middle/low income countries/territories suffering a disproportionately high loss of LE due to RID. Additionally, loss of LE due to RID decreased remarkably by 0.97 years globally during the period 1990–2017 but increased slightly among populations older than 70 years and in many high income countries/territories. Results suggest that RID still pose a severe threat for population and public health, and that amid dramatic sociodemographic changes globally, the disease burden of RID may resurge. The study presents the first examination of the life-shortening effect of RID at the global and country/territory levels, providing new understanding of the changing disease burden of RID and shedding light on the potential consequences of the current COVID-19 pandemic.

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          World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)

          An unprecedented outbreak of pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan City, Hubei province in China emerged in December 2019. A novel coronavirus was identified as the causative agent and was subsequently termed COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Considered a relative of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19 is caused by a betacoronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 that affects the lower respiratory tract and manifests as pneumonia in humans. Despite rigorous global containment and quarantine efforts, the incidence of COVID-19 continues to rise, with 90,870 laboratory-confirmed cases and over 3,000 deaths worldwide. In response to this global outbreak, we summarise the current state of knowledge surrounding COVID-19.
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            Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy

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              [The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China].

              (2020)
              Objective: An outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China has spread quickly nationwide. Here, we report results of a descriptive, exploratory analysis of all cases diagnosed as of February 11, 2020. Methods: All COVID-19 cases reported through February 11, 2020 were extracted from China's Infectious Disease Information System. Analyses included: 1) summary of patient characteristics; 2) examination of age distributions and sex ratios; 3) calculation of case fatality and mortality rates; 4) geo-temporal analysis of viral spread; 5) epidemiological curve construction; and 6) subgroup analysis. Results: A total of 72 314 patient records-44 672 (61.8%) confirmed cases, 16 186 (22.4%) suspected cases, 10567 (14.6%) clinical diagnosed cases (Hubei only), and 889 asymptomatic cases (1.2%)-contributed data for the analysis. Among confirmed cases, most were aged 30-79 years (86.6%), diagnosed in Hubei (74.7%), and considered mild (80.9%). A total of 1 023 deaths occurred among confirmed cases for an overall case-fatality rate of 2.3%. The COVID-19 spread outward from Hubei sometime after December 2019 and by February 11, 2020, 1 386 counties across all 31 provinces were affected. The epidemic curve of onset of symptoms peaked in January 23-26, then began to decline leading up to February 11. A total of 1 716 health workers have become infected and 5 have died (0.3%). Conclusions: The COVID-19 epidemic has spread very quickly. It only took 30 days to expand from Hubei to the rest of Mainland China. With many people returning from a long holiday, China needs to prepare for the possible rebound of the epidemic.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                guogui.huang@mq.edu.au
                fei.guo@mq.edu.au
                Journal
                J Popul Res (Canberra)
                J Popul Res (Canberra)
                Journal of Population Research (Canberra, A.c.t.)
                Springer Netherlands (Dordrecht )
                1443-2447
                1835-9469
                7 February 2022
                : 1-43
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.1004.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2158 5405, Centre for Workforce Futures, Macquarie Business School, , Macquarie University, ; North Ryde, NSW 2109 Australia
                [2 ]GRID grid.1004.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2158 5405, Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australia Institute of Health and Innovation, , Macquarie University, ; North Ryde, NSW 2109 Australia
                [3 ]GRID grid.1004.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2158 5405, Department of Management, Macquarie Business School, , Macquarie University, ; North Ryde, NSW 2109 Australia
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5772-0584
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9371-0463
                Article
                9271
                10.1007/s12546-021-09271-3
                8821806
                35153621
                553ae8aa-5a53-4b80-a09a-bb917a892ae6
                © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2022

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 24 May 2021
                Categories
                Original Research

                loss of life expectancy,cause-eliminated life expectancy,respiratory infectious diseases,disease burden,population ageing,global burden of disease study

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