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      A Polyphenol Rich Extract from Solanum melongena L. DR2 Peel Exhibits Antioxidant Properties and Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Activity In Vitro

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          Abstract

          DR2B and DR2C extracts, obtained by ethanolic maceration of peel from commercially and physiologically ripe aubergine berries, were studied for the antioxidative cytoprotective properties and anti-HSV-1 activity, in line with the evidence that several antioxidants can impair viral replication by maintaining reducing conditions in host cells. The antioxidative cytoprotective effects against tBOOH-induced damage were assessed in Caco2 cells, while antiviral activity was studied in Vero cells; polyphenolic fingerprints were characterized by integrated phytochemical methods. Results highlighted different compositions of the extracts, with chlorogenic acid and delphinidin-3-rutinoside as the major constituents; other peculiar phytochemicals were also identified. Both samples reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and exhibited scavenging and chelating properties. DR2C partly counteracted the tBOOH-induced cytotoxicity, with a remarkable lowering of lactate metabolism under both normoxia and hypoxia; interestingly, it increased intracellular GSH levels. Furthermore, DR2C inhibited the HSV-1 replication when added for 24 h after viral adsorption, as also confirmed by the reduction of many viral proteins’ expression. Since DR2C was able to reduce NOX4 expression during HSV-1 infection, its antiviral activity may be correlated to its antioxidant properties. Although further studies are needed to better characterize DR2C activity, the results suggest this extract as a promising new anti-HSV-1 agent.

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          Plants as source of drugs.

          This work presents a study of the importance of natural products, especially those derived from higher plants, in terms of drug development. It describes the main strategies for obtaining drugs from natural sources, fields of knowledge involved, difficulties and perspectives. It also includes a brief discussion of the specific situation in Brazil regarding the use of, trade in, and research into therapeutic resources of natural origin and the general lack of awareness of the use of potentially toxic plants, mainly in folk medicine.
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            Natural products: an evolving role in future drug discovery.

            The therapeutic areas of infectious diseases and oncology have benefited from abundant scaffold diversity in natural products, able to interact with many specific targets within the cell and indeed for many years have been source or inspiration for the majority of FDA approved drugs. The present review describes natural products (NPs), semi-synthetic NPs and NP-derived compounds that have undergone clinical evaluation or registration from 2005 to 2010 by disease area i.e. infectious (bacterial, fungal, parasitic and viral), immunological, cardiovascular, neurological, inflammatory and related diseases and oncology. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
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              Identification of renox, an NAD(P)H oxidase in kidney.

              Oxygen sensing is essential for homeostasis in all aerobic organisms, but its mechanism is poorly understood. Data suggest that a phagocytic-like NAD(P)H oxidase producing reactive oxygen species serves as a primary sensor for oxygen. We have characterized a source of superoxide anions in the kidney that we refer to as a renal NAD(P)H oxidase or Renox. Renox is homologous to gp91(phox) (91-kDa subunit of the phagocyte oxidase), the electron-transporting subunit of phagocytic NADPH oxidase, and contains all of the structural motifs considered essential for binding of heme, flavin, and nucleotide. In situ RNA hybridization revealed that renox is highly expressed at the site of erythropoietin production in the renal cortex, showing the greatest accumulation of renox mRNA in proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells. NIH 3T3 fibroblasts overexpressing transfected Renox show increased production of superoxide and develop signs of cellular senescence. Our data suggest that Renox, as a renal source of reactive oxygen species, is a likely candidate for the oxygen sensor function regulating oxygen-dependent gene expression and may also have a role in the development of inflammatory processes in the kidney.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Molecules
                Molecules
                molecules
                Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry
                MDPI
                1420-3049
                17 August 2018
                August 2018
                : 23
                : 8
                : 2066
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; silvia.digiacomo@ 123456uniroma1.it
                [2 ]Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; donatella.amatore@ 123456uniroma1.it (D.A.); annateresa.palamara@ 123456uniroma1.it (A.T.P.); mariaelena.marcocci@ 123456uniroma1.it (M.E.M.)
                [3 ]Department of Pharmacy, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; m.locatelli@ 123456unich.it
                [4 ]Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; chiara.toniolo@ 123456uniroma1.it
                [5 ]Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics (CREA-GB), Via Paullese 28, Lodi, 26836 Montanaso Lombardo, Italy; giuseppeleonardo.rotino@ 123456crea.gov.it
                [6 ]Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing (CREA-IT), Via Venezian 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; roberto.loscalzo@ 123456crea.gov.it
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: antonella.disotto@ 123456uniroma1.it (A.D.S.); annabella.vitalone@ 123456uniroma1.it (A.V.); lucia.nencioni@ 123456uniroma1.it (L.N.); Tel.: +39-064-991-2497 (A.D.S.); +39-064-991-2904 (A.V.); +39-064-991-4608 (L.N.)
                [†]

                These authors equally contributed to the work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7467-1689
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0840-825X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9138-0958
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4751-4263
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4427-4823
                Article
                molecules-23-02066
                10.3390/molecules23082066
                6222547
                30126139
                5557fec0-501f-4b26-9997-034833d303ee
                © 2018 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 02 August 2018
                : 14 August 2018
                Categories
                Article

                eggplant peel,polyphenols,hsv-1,warburg effect,antioxidant activity,antiviral agents,vegetable waste

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