The first two complete mitochondrial genomes for the genus Anagyrus (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) and their phylogenetic implications

Abstract

Anagyrus , a genus of Encyrtidae ( Hymenoptera , Chalcidoidea ), represents a successful group of parasitoid insects that attack various mealybug pests of agricultural and forestry plants. Until now, only 20 complete mitochondrial genomes have been sequenced, including those in this study. To enrich the diversity of mitochondrial genomes in Encyrtidae and to gain insights into their phylogenetic relationships, the mitochondrial genomes of two species of Anagyrus were sequenced, and the mitochondrial genomes of these species were compared and analyzed. Encyrtid mitochondrial genomes exhibit similarities in nucleotide composition, gene organization, and control region patterns. Comparative analysis of protein-coding genes revealed varying molecular evolutionary rates among different genes, with six genes ( ATP8, ND2, ND4L, ND6, ND4 and ND5) showing higher rates than others. A phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial genome sequences supports the monophyly of Encyrtidae ; however, the two subfamilies, Encyrtinae and Tetracneminae , are non-monophyletic. This study provides valuable insights into the phylogenetic relationships within the Encyrtidae and underscores the utility of mitochondrial genomes in the systematics of this family.