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      Evolução da linguagem: consensos, controvérsias e algo mais Translated title: Language evolution: consensus, controversies and something else

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          Abstract

          Por que a Linguagem é da maneira como a teoria lingüística vem nos mostrando? Como a Linguagem veio a ser o que é? Porque a nossa espécie, e somente ela, possui algo que possamos caracterizar como 'Linguagem'? A maneira como estas e outras profundas questões têm sido abordadas pelo "estado-da-arte" do crescente campo da Lingüística Evolucionária é o objeto do artigo de M. Christiansen e S. Kirby (Language Evolution: Consensus and Controversies, 2003, Trends Cogn. Sci., 7: 300-307), dois eminentes e profícuos pesquisadores da área. No presente trabalho, pretende-se oferecer um outro ponto de vista acerca dos tópicos fundacionais dos estudos da Evolução da Linguagem, além de levantar alguns problemas e questões não abordados diretamente por Cristiansen e Kirby. © Ciências & Cognição 2006; Vol. 07: 02-13.

          Translated abstract

          Why does language show the particular features described by linguistic theory? How language came about? Why our species alone may be called 'linguistic'? The way these and other questions are being answered by the expanding field of 'evolutionary linguistics' is the subject of a review by M. Christiansen and S. Kirby (Language Evolution: Consensus and Controversies, TCS, 7: 300-307), two exponents researches of this field. In the present work it is pointed out a different perspective on some foundational issues about the phylogenetic origins of human language, as well as to express some interesting evidence and hypothesis not directly approached by Cristiansen and Kirby. © Ciências & Cognição 2006; Vol. 07: 02-13.

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          Rapid planetesimal formation in turbulent circumstellar discs

          The initial stages of planet formation in circumstellar gas discs proceed via dust grains that collide and build up larger and larger bodies (Safronov 1969). How this process continues from metre-sized boulders to kilometre-scale planetesimals is a major unsolved problem (Dominik et al. 2007): boulders stick together poorly (Benz 2000), and spiral into the protostar in a few hundred orbits due to a head wind from the slower rotating gas (Weidenschilling 1977). Gravitational collapse of the solid component has been suggested to overcome this barrier (Safronov 1969, Goldreich & Ward 1973, Youdin & Shu 2002). Even low levels of turbulence, however, inhibit sedimentation of solids to a sufficiently dense midplane layer (Weidenschilling & Cuzzi 1993, Dominik et al. 2007), but turbulence must be present to explain observed gas accretion in protostellar discs (Hartmann 1998). Here we report the discovery of efficient gravitational collapse of boulders in locally overdense regions in the midplane. The boulders concentrate initially in transient high pressures in the turbulent gas (Johansen, Klahr, & Henning 2006), and these concentrations are augmented a further order of magnitude by a streaming instability (Youdin & Goodman 2005, Johansen, Henning, & Klahr 2006, Johansen & Youdin 2007) driven by the relative flow of gas and solids. We find that gravitationally bound clusters form with masses comparable to dwarf planets and containing a distribution of boulder sizes. Gravitational collapse happens much faster than radial drift, offering a possible path to planetesimal formation in accreting circumstellar discs.
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            The Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis: The Brain and the Digestive System in Human and Primate Evolution

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              A forkhead-domain gene is mutated in a severe speech and language disorder.

              Individuals affected with developmental disorders of speech and language have substantial difficulty acquiring expressive and/or receptive language in the absence of any profound sensory or neurological impairment and despite adequate intelligence and opportunity. Although studies of twins consistently indicate that a significant genetic component is involved, most families segregating speech and language deficits show complex patterns of inheritance, and a gene that predisposes individuals to such disorders has not been identified. We have studied a unique three-generation pedigree, KE, in which a severe speech and language disorder is transmitted as an autosomal-dominant monogenic trait. Our previous work mapped the locus responsible, SPCH1, to a 5.6-cM interval of region 7q31 on chromosome 7 (ref. 5). We also identified an unrelated individual, CS, in whom speech and language impairment is associated with a chromosomal translocation involving the SPCH1 interval. Here we show that the gene FOXP2, which encodes a putative transcription factor containing a polyglutamine tract and a forkhead DNA-binding domain, is directly disrupted by the translocation breakpoint in CS. In addition, we identify a point mutation in affected members of the KE family that alters an invariant amino-acid residue in the forkhead domain. Our findings suggest that FOXP2 is involved in the developmental process that culminates in speech and language.

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                cc
                Ciências & Cognição
                Ciênc. cogn.
                Instituto de Ciências Cognitivas (Rio de Janeiro )
                1806-5821
                March 2006
                : 7
                : 1
                : 02-13
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de Brasília Brasil
                Article
                S1806-58212006000100002
                559b7bae-f145-4d97-a46f-ef644c8038b8

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                PSYCHOLOGY

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                language faculty,evolution,neuroscience of language,adaptation,faculdade da linguagem,evolução,neurociência da linguagem,adaptação

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