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      Knowledge, attitudes and practices about contraception amongst schoolgirls aged 12–14 years in two schools in King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality, Eastern Cape

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          Abstract

          Background

          In South Africa the teenage fertility rate is high. About 42% of women have their sexual debut by 18 years of age and 5% by 15. These young women are also at risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Despite widespread availability of contraception, 18% of sexually active teenagers do not use any. Previous research on the knowledge of, attitudes to and practices of contraception by teenagers has focused on older adolescents.

          Objectives

          This study explored knowledge, attitudes and practices about contraception amongst 12–14 year old unmarried schoolgirls with a view to inform planning of programmes to assist in reducing teenage pregnancies.

          Methods

          A qualitative study design with purposive sampling was used to select participants from two government-run schools in King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality. In-depth and focus group interviews were conducted after obtaining written consent from parents and assent from participants. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, translated and analysed thematically.

          Findings

          Participants reported that young adolescents were sexually active, which included high-risk sexual behaviour such as multiple partners and casual and transactional sex. Knowledge about contraceptives varied widely. Condoms were the most preferred method of contraception, but it is unknown whether they ever used condoms as they professed to talk about the behaviour of others rather than themselves. Injectable contraceptives were believed to have long-term negative effects. Common sources of contraceptive information were friends or peers, school curriculum and to a lesser extent family members.

          Conclusions

          Findings of the study suggest that young adolescents are sexually active and have inadequate knowledge and misconceptions about contraception. These findings should inform educational programmes about risks of early sexual activity and about contraception.

          Abstrait

          Connaissances, attitudes et pratiques relatives à la contraception chez les collégiennes âgées de 12 à 14 ans dans deux écoles de la municipalité de King Sabata Dalindyebo, Cap oriental

          Contexte

          Le taux de fécondité chez les adolescentes sud-africaines est élevé. Environ 42% des femmes commencent à être sexuellement actives à 18 ans et 5% à 15 ans. Ces jeunes femmes courent également le risque de contracter des infections sexuellement transmissibles (IST) et le virus de l'immunodéficience acquise (VIH). En dépit de la disponibilité largement répandue des modes de contraception, 18% des adolescentes sexuellement actives n'en utilisent aucun. Les études antérieures réalisées sur les connaissances, les attitudes et les pratiques relatives à la contraception chez les adolescentes se sont concentrées sur les plus âgées d'entre elles.

          Objectifs

          Cette étude s'est intéressée aux connaissances, attitudes et pratiques relatives à la contraception chez les collégiennes âgées de 12 à 14 ans et non mariées afin d'informer la planification des programmes destinés à réduire les grossesses chez les adolescentes.

          Méthodes

          Une méthode d’étude qualitative, avec échantillonnage dirigé, a été utilisée afin de sélectionner les participantes issues de deux écoles publiques dans la municipalité de King Sabata Dalindyebo. Des entretiens approfondis ont été réalisés et des groupes de discussion organisés après avoir obtenu le consentement des parents et l'assentiment des participantes. Les entretiens ont été enregistrés au format audio, retranscrits mot à mot, traduits et analysés selon des thématiques.

          Résultats

          D'après les participantes à l’étude, les jeunes adolescentes étaient sexuellement actives et adoptaient des comportements sexuels à haut risque comme avoir des partenaires multiples et des rapports sexuels occasionnels ou transactionnels. Les connaissances sur les méthodes de contraception variaient dans une large mesure. Les préservatifs constituaient la méthode de contraception privilégiée, mais on ne sait pas si elles les utilisaient, puisqu'elles parlaient du comportement des autres plutôt que du leur. Les méthodes de contraception injectables étaient considérées comme ayant des effets négatifs sur le long terme. Les sources d'informations généralement disponibles sur les méthodes de contraception étaient généralement les amies ou les paires, le programme scolaire et, dans une moindre mesure, les membres de la famille.

          Conclusions

          Les conclusions de l’étude suggèrent que les jeunes adolescentes étaient sexuellement actives et disposaient de connaissances inadéquates et d'idées fausses sur la contraception. Ces conclusions devraient informer les programmes éducatifs sur les risques d'une activité sexuelle précoce et la contraception.

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          Most cited references14

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          Watching sex on television predicts adolescent initiation of sexual behavior.

          Early sexual initiation is an important social and health issue. A recent survey suggested that most sexually experienced teens wish they had waited longer to have intercourse; other data indicate that unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases are more common among those who begin sexual activity earlier. The American Academy of Pediatrics has suggested that portrayals of sex on entertainment television (TV) may contribute to precocious adolescent sex. Approximately two-thirds of TV programs contain sexual content. However, empirical data examining the relationships between exposure to sex on TV and adolescent sexual behaviors are rare and inadequate for addressing the issue of causal effects. We conducted a national longitudinal survey of 1792 adolescents, 12 to 17 years of age. In baseline and 1-year follow-up interviews, participants reported their TV viewing habits and sexual experience and responded to measures of more than a dozen factors known to be associated with adolescent sexual initiation. TV viewing data were combined with the results of a scientific analysis of TV sexual content to derive measures of exposure to sexual content, depictions of sexual risks or safety, and depictions of sexual behavior (versus talk about sex but no behavior). Initiation of intercourse and advancement in noncoital sexual activity level, during a 1-year period. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that adolescents who viewed more sexual content at baseline were more likely to initiate intercourse and progress to more advanced noncoital sexual activities during the subsequent year, controlling for respondent characteristics that might otherwise explain these relationships. The size of the adjusted intercourse effect was such that youths in the 90th percentile of TV sex viewing had a predicted probability of intercourse initiation that was approximately double that of youths in the 10th percentile, for all ages studied. Exposure to TV that included only talk about sex was associated with the same risks as exposure to TV that depicted sexual behavior. African American youths who watched more depictions of sexual risks or safety were less likely to initiate intercourse in the subsequent year. Watching sex on TV predicts and may hasten adolescent sexual initiation. Reducing the amount of sexual content in entertainment programming, reducing adolescent exposure to this content, or increasing references to and depictions of possible negative consequences of sexual activity could appreciably delay the initiation of coital and noncoital activities. Alternatively, parents may be able to reduce the effects of sexual content by watching TV with their teenaged children and discussing their own beliefs about sex and the behaviors portrayed. Pediatricians should encourage these family discussions.
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            • Record: found
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            Health effects of media on children and adolescents.

            Youth spend an average of >7 hours/day using media, and the vast majority of them have access to a bedroom television, computer, the Internet, a video-game console, and a cell phone. In this article we review the most recent research on the effects of media on the health and well-being of children and adolescents. Studies have shown that media can provide information about safe health practices and can foster social connectedness. However, recent evidence raises concerns about media's effects on aggression, sexual behavior, substance use, disordered eating, and academic difficulties. We provide recommendations for parents, practitioners, the media, and policy makers, among others, for ways to increase the benefits and reduce the harm that media can have for the developing child and for adolescents.
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              Water aerobics II: maternal body composition and perinatal outcomes after a program for low risk pregnant women

              Background To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of water aerobics during pregnancy. Methods A randomized controlled trial carried out in 71 low-risk sedentary pregnant women, randomly allocated to water aerobics or no physical exercise. Maternal body composition and perinatal outcomes were evaluated. For statistical analysis Chi-square, Fisher's or Student's t-tests were applied. Risk ratios and their 95% CI were estimated for main outcomes. Body composition was evaluated across time using MANOVA or Friedman multiple analysis. Results There were no significant differences between the groups regarding maternal weight gain, BMI or percentage of body fat during pregnancy. Incidence of preterm births (RR = 0.84; 95%CI:0.28–2.53), vaginal births (RR = 1.24; 95%CI:0.73–2.09), low birthweight (RR = 1.30; 95%CI:0.61–2.79) and adequate weight for gestational age (RR = 1.50; 95%CI:0.65–3.48) were also not significantly different between groups. There were no significant differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate between before and immediately after the water aerobics session. Conclusion Water aerobics for sedentary pregnant women proved to be safe and was not associated with any alteration in maternal body composition, type of delivery, preterm birth rate, neonatal well-being or weight.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med
                Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med
                PHCFM
                African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine
                AOSIS OpenJournals
                2071-2928
                2071-2936
                15 October 2013
                2013
                : 5
                : 1
                : 509
                Affiliations
                [1 ]General Practitioner, Mthatha, South Africa
                [2 ]Department of Family Medicine, Walter Sisulu University, South Africa
                [3 ]Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, South Africa
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Don O'Mahony, Email: donomahony@ 123456gmail.com , Postal address: Private Bag X1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa

                How to cite this article: Mda P, O'Mahony D, Yogeswaran P, Wright G. Knowledge, attitudes and practices about contraception amongst schoolgirls aged 12–14 years in two schools in King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality, Eastern Cape. Afr J Prm Health Care Fam Med. 2013;5(1), Art. #509, 8 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v5i1.509

                Article
                PHCFM-5-509
                10.4102/phcfm.v5i1.509
                4502836
                55a977cc-1662-498f-af49-ce4c7bef0548
                © 2013. The Authors

                AOSIS OpenJournals. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.

                History
                : 20 December 2012
                : 17 March 2013
                Categories
                Original Research

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