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      In vitro effect of two commercial anti-coccidial drugs against myxospores of Kudoa septempunctata genotype ST3 (Myxozoa, Multivalvulida) Translated title: Effet in vitro de deux médicaments anticoccidiens commerciaux contre les myxospores de Kudoa septempunctata génotype ST3 (Myxozoa, Multivalvulida)

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          Abstract

          Kudoa septempunctata (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida) myxospores infect the trunk muscles of olive flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus). In this study, two popular commercially formulated anti-coccidial drugs (amprolium hydrochloride and toltrazuril) were serially diluted and incubated with purified mature Kudoa septempunctata myxospores. The viability of K. septempunctata spores was determined after a 2-day incubation followed by Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide staining, and scanning electron microscopy. Amprolium hydrochloride significantly decreased spore viability (18% of control) at a concentration of 920 μg/mL, whereas toltrazuril showed almost no effect (83% of control). Viability of the control (untreated spores) was 90%. In vivo studies are required to confirm the efficacy of amprolium hydrochloride in fish infected with K. septempunctata myxospores on their growth and immune system performance.

          Translated abstract

          Les myxospores de Kudoa septempunctata (Myxozoa, Multivalvulida) infectent les muscles du cardeau hirame ( Paralichthys olivaceus). Dans cette étude, deux médicaments anticoccidiens commercialisés populaires (chlorhydrate d’amprolium et toltrazuril) ont été dilués en série et incubés avec des myxospores mûres purifiées de K. septempunctata. La viabilité des spores de K. septempunctata a été déterminée après une incubation de 2 jours, suivie par des colorations au Hoechst 33342 et à l’iodure de propidium et microscopie électronique à balayage. Le chlorhydrate d’amprolium a significativement diminué la viabilité des spores (18 % du témoin) à une concentration de 920 μg/mL, alors que le toltrazuril n’a pratiquement pas eu d’effet (83 % du témoin). La viabilité du témoin (spores non traitées) était de 90 %. Des études in vivo sont nécessaires pour confirmer l’efficacité du chlorhydrate d’amprolium chez les poissons infectés par les myxospores de K. septempunctata sur leur croissance et leur performance immunitaire.

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          Antiparasitic and immunomodulatory effect of innovative treatments against Myxobolus sp. infection in Diplodus puntazzo.

          The potential antiparasitic and immunomodulatory effect of three treatments against myxosporean parasites on the innate immune system of sharpsnout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo) was investigated. Fish naturally infected with Myxobolus sp. (Bivalvulida/Platysporina), a histozoic parasite mainly affecting the renal interstitial tissue, were treated by oral administration of a combination of salinomycin with amprolium, Origanum essential oil or fumagillin in a small-scale field trial. Various leucocyte functions influenced by myxosporean infection were examined in order to determine treatment effects on leucocyte immunocompetence of treated fish. One month post treatment all drugs caused a significant decrease in prevalence and intensity of infection in comparison to untreated, infected fish. The effect was most prominent in salinomycin with amprolium treated fish, which 1-month post treatment contained either no cysts at all or a few spores free in melanomacrophage centres revealing almost total elimination of the parasite and the antiparasitic action of the treatment. There was no histopathological evidence of drug toxicity. Antiparasitic action was accompanied by a significant enhancement of phagocytic activity demonstrated by ingestion of large numbers of latex beads and the secretion of high levels of reactive nitrogen intermediates by phagocytes in vitro. Complete restoration of the diminished mitogenic responses and serum lysozyme secretion was also detected in salinomycin with amprolium-treated fish compared to untreated, infected fish. These data suggest that salilomycin with amprolium may be a promising treatment for myxosporean infections in intensively cultured warm-water fish, exhibiting action partially via the enhancement of host, innate immune functions and leading to parasite elimination.
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            Effect of oral administration of Kudoa septempunctata genotype ST3 in adult BALB/c mice

            Kudoa septempunctata (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida) infects the muscles of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus, Paralichthyidae) in the form of spores. To investigate the effect of K. septempunctata spores in mammals, adult BALB/c mice were fed with spores of K. septempunctata genotype ST3 (1.35 × 105 to 1.35 × 108 spores/mouse). After ingestion of spores, the mice remained clinically normal during the 24-h observation period. No spores were found in any tissue examined by histopathological screening. Quantitative PCR screening of the K. septempunctata 18S rDNA gene revealed that the K. septempunctata spores were detected only in the stool samples from the spore-fed groups. Collectively, these findings suggest that K. septempunctata spores are excreted in faeces and do not affect the gastrointestinal tract of adult mice.
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              The short-term toxicity of some feed additives to different freshwater organisms

              The short-term toxicity (EC50 respectively LC50 after 2 or 4 days) of 13 feed additives was determined to 4 freshwater organisms of different trophical levels: Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Daphnia magna, Lebistes reticulatus and Salmo gairdneri. The most toxic (LC(EC)50 less than 1 mg/1) were robenidine (to all tested organisms) and stenorol (to Daphnia); moderately toxic (1 less than LC(EC)50 less than 10 mg/1) was pyrimethamine. Amprolium, ethopabate, furazolidone and zoalene proved to be little toxic (LC(EC)50 greater than 10 mg/1); whereas buquinolate, carbadox, clopidol, decoquinate, grofas and sulfaquinoxaline were under the experimental conditions not toxic for the tested organisms.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2017
                21 March 2017
                : 24
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2017/01 )
                : 11
                Affiliations
                [1 ] School of Medicine, Jeju National University Jeju 63243 Republic of Korea
                [2 ] Ocean and Fisheries Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Pyoseon-myeon, Segwipo-si Jeju 63629 Republic of Korea
                [3 ] Marine Applied Microbes and Aquatic Organism Disease Control Laboratory, Department of Aquatic Biomedical Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University Jeju 690-756 Republic of Korea
                Author notes
                [a]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                [* ]Corresponding author: jyh4586@ 123456korea.kr
                Article
                parasite170002 10.1051/parasite/2017012
                10.1051/parasite/2017012
                5364777
                28322722
                55ae9c7e-c395-49a9-b850-5e310df09178
                © M. Ahn et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2017

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 30 December 2016
                : 12 March 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 5
                Categories
                Short Note

                anti-coccidial drug,kudoa septempunctata,st3 genotype,foodborne disease,amprolium hydrochloride,paralichthys olivaceus

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