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      Aberrant posterior superior temporal sulcus functional connectivity and executive dysfunction in adolescents with internet gaming disorder

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          Abstract

          Background and aims

          The clinical significance of Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is spreading worldwide, but its underlying neural mechanism still remains unclear. Moreover, the prevalence of IGD seems to be the highest in adolescents whose brains are in development. This study investigated the functional connectivity between large-scale intrinsic networks including default mode network, executive control network, and salience network. We hypothesized that adolescents with IGD would demonstrate different functional connectivity patterns among large-scale intrinsic networks, implying neurodevelopmental alterations, which might be associated with executive dysfunction.

          Methods

          This study included 17 male adolescents with Internet gaming disorder, and 18 age-matched male adolescents as healthy controls. Functional connectivity was examined using seed-to-voxel analysis and seed-to-seed analysis, with the nodes of large-scale intrinsic networks used as region of interests. Group independent component analysis was performed to investigate spatially independent network.

          Results

          We identified aberrant functional connectivity of salience network and default mode network with the left posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) in adolescents with IGD. Furthermore, functional connectivity between salience network and pSTS correlated with proneness to Internet addiction and self-reported cognitive problems. Independent component analysis revealed that pSTS was involved in social brain network.

          Discussion and conclusions

          The results imply that aberrant functional connectivity of social brain network with default mode network and salience network was identified in IGD that may be associated with executive dysfunction. Our results suggest that inordinate social stimuli during excessive online gaming leads to altered connections among large-scale networks during neurodevelopment of adolescents.

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          Most cited references56

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          Article 0 comments Cited 1199 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Conn: a functional connectivity toolbox for correlated and anticorrelated brain networks.

            Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli, Alfonso Nieto-Castañón (2012)
            Resting state functional connectivity reveals intrinsic, spontaneous networks that elucidate the functional architecture of the human brain. However, valid statistical analysis used to identify such networks must address sources of noise in order to avoid possible confounds such as spurious correlations based on non-neuronal sources. We have developed a functional connectivity toolbox Conn ( www.nitrc.org/projects/conn ) that implements the component-based noise correction method (CompCor) strategy for physiological and other noise source reduction, additional removal of movement, and temporal covariates, temporal filtering and windowing of the residual blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contrast signal, first-level estimation of multiple standard functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) measures, and second-level random-effect analysis for resting state as well as task-related data. Compared to methods that rely on global signal regression, the CompCor noise reduction method allows for interpretation of anticorrelations as there is no regression of the global signal. The toolbox implements fcMRI measures, such as estimation of seed-to-voxel and region of interest (ROI)-to-ROI functional correlations, as well as semipartial correlation and bivariate/multivariate regression analysis for multiple ROI sources, graph theoretical analysis, and novel voxel-to-voxel analysis of functional connectivity. We describe the methods implemented in the Conn toolbox for the analysis of fcMRI data, together with examples of use and interscan reliability estimates of all the implemented fcMRI measures. The results indicate that the CompCor method increases the sensitivity and selectivity of fcMRI analysis, and show a high degree of interscan reliability for many fcMRI measures.
            Article 0 comments Cited 1108 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks.

              M D Fox, A Snyder, J. Vincent … (2005)
              During performance of attention-demanding cognitive tasks, certain regions of the brain routinely increase activity, whereas others routinely decrease activity. In this study, we investigate the extent to which this task-related dichotomy is represented intrinsically in the resting human brain through examination of spontaneous fluctuations in the functional MRI blood oxygen level-dependent signal. We identify two diametrically opposed, widely distributed brain networks on the basis of both spontaneous correlations within each network and anticorrelations between networks. One network consists of regions routinely exhibiting task-related activations and the other of regions routinely exhibiting task-related deactivations. This intrinsic organization, featuring the presence of anticorrelated networks in the absence of overt task performance, provides a critical context in which to understand brain function. We suggest that both task-driven neuronal responses and behavior are reflections of this dynamic, ongoing, functional organization of the brain.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Junghan Lee
                Deokjong Lee
                Kee Namkoong
                Young-Chul Jung:
                ORCID: 0000-0002-0578-2510
                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 2006
                Title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
                Abbreviated Title: JBA
                Publisher: Akadémiai Kiadó (Budapest )
                ISSN (Print): 2062-5871
                ISSN (Electronic): 2063-5303
                Publication date (Print): 12 October 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 September 2020
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 589-597
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Psychiatry, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, 03722, South Korea
                [2 ] Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, 03722, South Korea
                [3 ] Department of Psychiatry, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, 16995, South Korea
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. E-mail: eugenejung@ 123456yuhs.ac
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0578-2510
                Article
                DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00060
                PMC ID: 8943665
                PubMed ID: 32918802
                SO-VID: 55dbbb16-e02e-41fa-ba55-1ac076fb2566
                Copyright © © 2020 The Author(s)
                License:

                Open Access. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited, a link to the CC License is provided, and changes – if any – are indicated.

                History
                Date received : 19 March 2020
                Date: 03 June 2020
                Date: 27 July 2020
                Date: 29 July 2020
                Date accepted : 21 August 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 53, Pages: 09
                Funding
                Funded by: Korean Mental Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea
                Award ID: HM14C2578
                Categories
                Subject: Full-Length Report

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine,Psychology,Social & Behavioral Sciences,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: social brain network,executive dysfunction,posterior superior temporal sulcus,adolescence,Internet gaming disorder
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine, Psychology, Social & Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: social brain network, executive dysfunction, posterior superior temporal sulcus, adolescence, Internet gaming disorder

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