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      The Gut Microbiome as a Major Regulator of the Gut-Skin Axis

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          Abstract

          The adult intestine hosts a myriad of diverse bacterial species that reside mostly in the lower gut maintaining a symbiosis with the human habitat. In the current review, we describe the neoteric advancement in our comprehension of how the gut microbiota communicates with the skin as one of the main regulators in the gut-skin axis. We attempted to explore how this potential link affects skin differentiation and keratinization, its influence on modulating the cutaneous immune response in various diseases, and finally how to take advantage of this communication in the control of different skin conditions.

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          Most cited references129

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          Interactions between commensal intestinal bacteria and the immune system.

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            Psoriasis and comorbid diseases: Epidemiology.

            Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the skin that is increasingly being recognized as a systemic inflammatory disorder. Psoriatic arthritis is a well-known comorbidity of psoriasis. A rapidly expanding body of literature in various populations and settings supports additional associations between psoriasis and cardiometabolic diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, kidney disease, malignancy, infection, and mood disorders. The pathogenesis of comorbid disease in patients with psoriasis remains unknown; however, shared inflammatory pathways, cellular mediators, genetic susceptibility, and common risk factors are hypothesized to be contributing elements. As additional psoriasis comorbidities continue to emerge, education of health care providers is essential to ensuring comprehensive medical care for patients with psoriasis.
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              Decreased bacterial diversity characterizes the altered gut microbiota in patients with psoriatic arthritis, resembling dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease.

              To characterize the diversity and taxonomic relative abundance of the gut microbiota in patients with never-treated, recent-onset psoriatic arthritis (PsA).
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Microbiol
                Front Microbiol
                Front. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-302X
                10 July 2018
                2018
                : 9
                : 1459
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH, United States
                [2] 2Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center , Cleveland, OH, United States
                Author notes

                Edited by: Juarez Antonio Simões Quaresma, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Brazil

                Reviewed by: Michael Poidinger, Singapore Immunology Network (A STAR), Singapore; Yusei Ohshima, University of Fukui, Japan; Joana Vitte, Aix-Marseille Université, France

                *Correspondence: Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, mahmoud.ghannoum@ 123456case.edu

                This article was submitted to Microbial Immunology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology

                Article
                10.3389/fmicb.2018.01459
                6048199
                30042740
                55f74e44-7c92-4d22-a77e-e06e8b6d8a7e
                Copyright © 2018 Salem, Ramser, Isham and Ghannoum.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 04 April 2018
                : 12 June 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 165, Pages: 14, Words: 0
                Categories
                Microbiology
                Review

                Microbiology & Virology
                gut microbiome,skin homeostasis,acne vulgaris,atopic dermatitis,psoriasis,probiotics

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