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      Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) Argentina-Bolivia border: new report and genetic diversity

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          Abstract

          American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) has two main scenarios of transmission as follows: scattered cases in rural areas and urban outbreaks. Urban AVL is in active dispersion from the northeastern border of Argentina-Paraguay-Brazil to the South. The presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis was initially reported in urban environments in the northwestern border of the country. The presence of Lu. longipalpis, environmental variables associated with its distribution, and its genetic diversity were assessed in Salvador Mazza, Argentina, on the border with Bolivia. The genetic analysis showed high haplotype diversity, low nucleotide diversity, and low nucleotide polymorphism index. We discuss the hypothesis of an expanding urban population with introgressive hybridisation of older haplogroups found in their path in natural forest or rural environments, acquiring a new adaptability to urban environments, and the possibility of changes in vector capacity.

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          Lutzomyia longipalpis urbanisation and control

          Oscar Daniel Salomón, María Dora Feliciangeli, María Quintana … (2015)
          Since the description of Lutzomyia longipalpis by Lutz and Neiva more than 100 years ago, much has been written in the scientific literature about this phlebotomine species. Soares and Turco (2003) and Lainson and Rangel (2005) have written extensive reviews focused on vector-host-parasite interactions and American visceral leishmaniasis ecology. However, during the last two decades, the success of Lu. longipalpis in colonising urban environments and its simultaneous geographical spreading have led to new theoretical and operational questions. Therefore, this review updates the general information about this species and notes the more challenging topics regarding the new scenario of urbanisation-spreading and its control in America. Here, we summarise the literature on these issues and the remaining unsolved questions, which pose recommendations for operational research.
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            Leishmaniases in Bolivia: comprehensive review and current status.

            José M. R. Delgado, Ernesto Rojas, Rudy Parrado … (2009)
            The leishmaniases are protozoan, zoonotic diseases transmitted to human and other mammal hosts by the bite of phlebotomine sandflies. Bolivia has the highest incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Latin America (LA), with 33 cases per 100,000 population reported in 2006. CL is endemic in seven of the country's nine administrative departments. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is comparatively rare and is restricted to one single focus. Most CL cases are caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (85% cases); VL is caused by L. (L.) infantum. Seven sandfly species are incriminated as vectors and Leishmania infections have been detected in several non-human mammal hosts. Transmission is associated with forest-related activities, but recently, cases of autochthonous, urban transmission were reported. Because most cases are caused by L. (V.) braziliensis, Bolivia reports the greatest ratio (i.e., up to 20% of all cases) of mucosal leishmaniasis to localized CL cases in LA. Per national guidelines, both CL and VL cases are microscopically diagnosed and treated with pentavalent antimony.
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              Genetic diversity, phylogeography and molecular clock of the Lutzomyia longipalpis complex (Diptera: Psychodidae)

              Angélica Pech-May, Janine M. Ramsey, Raúl E. González Ittig … (2018)
              Background The Lutzomyia longipalpis complex has a wide but discontinuous distribution in Latin America, extending throughout the Neotropical realm between Mexico and northern Argentina and Uruguay. In the Americas, this sandfly is the main vector of Leishmania infantum, the parasite responsible for Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). The Lu. longipalpis complex consists of at least four sibling species, however, there is no current consensus on the number of haplogroups, or on their divergence. Particularly in Argentina, there have been few genetic analyses of Lu. longipalpis, despite its southern expansion and recent colonization of urban environments. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity and structure of Lu. longipalpis from Argentina, and to integrate these data to re-evaluate the phylogeography of the Lu. longipalpis complex using mitochondrial markers at a Latin American scale. Methodology/Principal findings Genetic diversity was estimated from six sites in Argentina, using a fragment of the ND4 and the 3´ extreme of the cyt b genes. Greatest genetic diversity was found in Tartagal, Santo Tomé and San Ignacio. There was high genetic differentiation of Lu. longipalpis in Argentina using both markers: ND4 (FST = 0.452, p < 0.0001), cyt b (FST = 0.201, p < 0.0001). Genetic and spatial Geneland analyses reveal the existence of two primary genetic clusters in Argentina, cluster 1: Tartagal, Santo Tomé, and San Ignacio; cluster 2: Puerto Iguazú, Clorinda, and Corrientes city. Phylogeographic analyses using ND4 and cyt b gene sequences available in GenBank from diverse geographic sites suggest greater divergence than previously reported. At least eight haplogroups (three of these identified in Argentina), each separated by multiple mutational steps using the ND4, are differentiated across the Neotropical realm. The divergence of the Lu. longipalpis complex from its most recent common ancestor (MRCA) was estimated to have occurred 0.70 MYA (95% HPD interval = 0.48–0.99 MYA). Conclusions/Significance This study provides new evidence supporting two Lu. longipalpis genetic clusters and three of the total eight haplogroups circulating in Argentina. There was a high level of phylogeographic divergence among the eight haplogroups of the Lu. longipalpis complex across the Neotropical realm. These findings suggest the need to analyze vector competence, among other parameters intrinsic to a zoonosis, according to vector haplogroup, and to consider these in the design and surveillance of vector and transmission control strategies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz
                Journal ID (publisher-id): mioc
                Title: Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
                Publisher: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde
                ISSN (Print): 0074-0276
                ISSN (Electronic): 1678-8060
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 September 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 114
                Electronic Location Identifier: e190184
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
                [2 ]Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Instituto Superior de Entomología, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
                [3 ]CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
                [4 ]Instituto de Patología Experimental, Salta, Salta, Argentina
                [5 ]Pan American Health Organization, Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health Department, Washington, DC, USA
                [6 ]Ministerio de Salud y Acción Social, Buenos Aires, Argentina
                [7 ]Red de Investigación de la Leishmaniasis en la Argentina
                Author notes

                Conceptualisation - MGQ, AP-M and ODS; formal analysis - MGQ and AP-M; funding acquisition - MGQ and ODS; field investigation - MGQ, ADF, JMDM and PAB; methodology - MGQ, AP-M and ODS; resources - MGQ, ODS, ZEY and MZ; supervision - ODS and ZEY; writing - original draft - MGQ; writing - review and editing - MGQ, AP-M, ADF, JMDM, PAB, MZ and ODS.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0972-477X
                Article
                Other ID: 00418
                DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760190184
                PMC ID: 6773372
                PubMed ID: 31576903
                SO-VID: 560b96a4-5ec7-4960-a670-07658c25e278
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                Date received : 29 May 2019
                Date accepted : 02 September 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 2, References: 17
                Categories
                Subject: Short Communication

                Keywords: visceral leishmaniasis,spatial distribution,salta
                Data availability:
                Keywords: visceral leishmaniasis, spatial distribution, salta

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